COLLEGE OF GRADUATE
HEALTH SCIENCES

62 South Dunlap, Suite 420
Memphis, TN 38163
Tel: (901) 448-5538

Richard D. Peppler, Ph.D., Dean

Edward G. Schneider, Ph.D., Associate Dean, Recruitment, Admissions and Students
David L. Armbruster, Ph.D., Associate Dean, Academic Affairs
Rebecca A. Brown, M.S., Executive Assistant to the Dean

GENERAL INFORMATION

Introduction

The College of Graduate Health Sciences of The University of Tennessee Health Science Center offers graduate instruction leading to the Master of Science, Master of Dental Science, and the Doctor of Philosophy degrees. Students may choose one of the following interdisciplinary programs:

Integrated Program in Biomedical Sciences, Biomedical Engineering, Dental Science, Epidemiology, Health Science Administration, Nursing, and Pharmaceutical Sciences. The principal aim of these graduate programs is that of education beyond the bachelor’s level through participation in advanced courses, seminars, and laboratory research.

Each student is expected to take full advantage of the opportunities offered in his/her chosen field and to maintain a high level of achievement in the various phases of the advanced degree program. The procedures and regulations established to assist the student in realizing these goals are provided in the subsequent paragraphs. The regulations are established by the Graduate Faculty and the Graduate Studies Council and are administered by the Dean of the College of Graduate Health Sciences. In order to realize the maximum development and training of a graduate student, graduate programs are individualized within the guidelines and policies established by that program and the College of Graduate Health Sciences.

Each student is expected to be acquainted with the procedures and regulations of the program, the College of Graduate Health Sciences, and The University of Tennessee Health Science Center. The student should be familiar with the General Catalog, including the section on the College of Graduate Health Sciences, the Student Handbook (The Centerscope), and the special requirements of the program.

The Graduate Studies Council

The Graduate Studies Council is responsible for review of new courses and programs in the College of Graduate Health Sciences. The Council also recommends faculty to the Dean for appointment to the Graduate Faculty. Council membership consists of the Dean as chair; faculty members representing each of the programs offering an approved graduate degree; deans of the professional colleges (or their designees); and chairs of the Council Committees.

Graduate Faculty - College of Graduate Health Sciences (http://www.utmem.edu/grad/)

The faculty of the College of Graduate Health Sciences consists of faculty members whose primary appointments are in one of the professional colleges of The University of Tennessee Health Science Center and who are actively engaged in research. Members of the Graduate Faculty are responsible for the instruction of candidates for the academic M.S., M.D.S., and Ph.D. degrees. Appointment to the Graduate Faculty is made by the Dean upon recommendation by the program chair and the Graduate Studies Council.

Admission to the College of Graduate Health Sciences

College of Graduate Health Sciences (http://www.utmem.edu/grad/)

Graduates of The University of Tennessee and of other accredited institutions are eligible to apply for admission to the College of Graduate Health Sciences. The college considers applicants not only from Tennessee, but also from other states and countries if they have completed the necessary prerequisites for advanced study. Equal educational opportunity is offered to all persons without regard to race, religion, sex, age, creed, color, national origin, or physical handicap.

A student must have completed undergraduate prerequisites for graduate study, as determined by the respective graduate program. An undergraduate major in a specific discipline usually is not required as a prerequisite for admission. Only a limited number of students are accepted. Admissions are restricted to the self- determined capacities of the programs involved in graduate study.

The adequacy of preparation for graduate study may be determined from the applicant’s record or by examination at the time the student makes application to the College of Graduate Health Sciences. In the case of a student whose preparation for formal graduate study is inadequate, a program of prerequisite course work may be required as determined by the graduate program accepting the student. Such courses will not be credited toward meeting the formal course requirement for an advanced degree.

Admission Inquiries

Prospective graduate students should obtain forms and further information by writing to (1) the Director of Enrollment Services, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 800 Madison Avenue, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, (2) the chair or director of the program in which the applicant plans to work, or (3) the Dean of the College of Graduate Health Sciences, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 62 South Dunlap, Suite 420, Memphis, Tennessee 38163. Information including an application is available on The University of Tennessee Health Science Center Home Page (http://www.utmem.edu). Other specifics may be found in The Centerscope.

Technical Standards for Academic Graduate Program

The goal of the College of Graduate Health Sciences is the broad preparation of students for the practice of research. This goal is achieved in part by graduate education in preparation for life-long learning. Modern graduate education requires that the accumulation of scientific knowledge be accompanied by the simultaneous acquisition of skills, attitudes, and behavior. The faculty has the responsibility to graduate the best possible scientists; thus, admission to the college is offered to those who present the highest qualifications for graduate study.

Applicants to the college must possess the following general qualities: critical thinking, sound judgment, emotional stability and maturity, empathy, physical and mental stamina, as well as the ability to learn and function in a wide variety of educational settings. Applicants must be able to communicate effectively in oral and written form. They must possess essential functions of conceptual, integrative, and quantitative skills, including measurement, calculation, reasoning, analysis, and synthesis. Problem solving in research requires all of these intellectual abilities. In addition, applicants should be able to comprehend three-dimensional relationships and to understand the special relationships of structures.

Applicants must exhibit behavioral and social skills and professionalism. Empathy, integrity, interpersonal skills, interest, and motivation are all personal qualities that will be assessed during the admissions process and throughout graduate education. Applicants must possess the emotional well being required for the full use of their intellectual abilities; the exercise of sound judgment; and the development of mature, sensitive, and effective relationships with their peers. Applicants must be able to tolerate the generally taxing demands of laboratory research and to function effectively when stressed. They must be able to adapt to changing environments, to display flexibility, and to learn to function in the face of the uncertainty inherent in research. The minimum abilities for eligibility to participate successfully in educational programs and activities by students enrolled in the College of Graduate Health Sciences are listed below. All persons who wish to enter one of the programs in the college should be aware of the minimum abilities required for success. Admission decisions for the college programs do not take disabilities into consideration; students may disclose their disabilities after admission. Minimum abilities are as follows:

(1)To make proper assessments and ethical judgments regarding research and professional decisions.

(2)
To communicate effectively with colleagues and professional staff.
(3)To acquire necessary information developed through classroom instruction, laboratory experience, independent learning, and consultation.
(4)
To search and evaluate articles in the scientific literature.
(5)
To obtain, interpret, and accurately document research data.
(6)
To complete computer-based assignments and use computers.
(7)
To understand and carry out safety rules and precautions in the laboratory.

(8) To handle emergencies in the laboratory, including fire, exposure to dangerous agents, and explosions.

These abilities may be accomplished through direct student response, use of prosthetic devices, or personal assistance (e.g., readers, signers, and note takers). Purchase of prosthetic devices to aid the student in meeting these requirements is the responsibility of the student. On a case-by-case basis and upon written request of the student, the college may assist in providing attending services.

Upon admission, students are invited to disclose any disabilities (with certification) to the Student Academic Support Services (SASS). The college will provide reasonable accommodations, as required by the student’s documented disabilities with SASS, and at the student’s written request to the Dean, College of Graduate Health Sciences. In summary, the mission of the college is to prepare students for the practice of biomedical research and teaching. The College of Graduate Health Sciences, in accord with Section 504 of the 1973 Vocational Rehabilitation Act and the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) (Public Law 101-336), has established the aforementioned essential functions of graduate students. The college will consider for admission applicants who demonstrate the ability to perform or to learn to perform the essential skills required for a career in biomedical research. Students will be judged primarily on their scholastic accomplishments in demanding academic courses as well as the ability to perform research and prepare a thesis or doctoral dissertation of high quality. Candidates will also be judged on physical and emotional capacities for a career in biomedical research.

Categories of Student Admission

Regular Students - College of Graduate Health Sciences (http://www.utmem.edu/grad/)

Regular students are students who seek admission to one of the doctoral or master’s degree programs offered by the College of Graduate Health Sciences. Regular students must register for at least nine semester hours to be considered full-time. These students must submit an official application and must fulfill the admission criteria for the college, as well as the criteria of the respective program. Application forms for regular students are available on The University of Tennessee Health Science Center Home Page (http:/ /www.utmem.edu) or from the Office of Enrollment Services (910 Madison Avenue, Suite 525, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163).

Admission as a regular student requires a bachelor’s degree or its equivalent with an undergraduate grade point average of at least 3.0 from an accredited college or university and a Graduate Record Examinations (GRE) combined score totaling at least 1000 for verbal and quantitative sections. In addition, the score on each component must be at or above the 25th percentile score for that section. Some programs may require a higher GRE score for admission. Three letters of recommendation from previous instructors or persons capable of judging the applicant’s qualifications for graduate study are also required. For foreign applicants, evidence of proficiency in English or a Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL) score of at least 213 (earned within 2 years prior to application) on the computer-based exam is also required. Each graduate program may have additional requirements. Regular students may enroll on a full-time or part-time basis.

If an applicant does not enter the College of Graduate Health Sciences in the semester in which admission is requested, the student may enter at the beginning of any of the next two semesters. Once admitted and registered, students are expected to maintain continuous enrollment, unless permission is given for interrupted registration (see section on Registration).

Admission to the College of Graduate Health Sciences entitles the student to register for graduate courses, but does not mean that he/she is admitted as a candidate for an advanced degree. Candidacy for an advanced degree will be determined after the student has satisfied criteria established by the program in which the student seeks training and by the College of Graduate Health Sciences.

Part-time Students

Students who register for less than nine semester hours are considered to be part-time.

Non-degree Students

Non-degree students are those who wish to take courses offered by the college but who are not seeking admission to one of the degree programs. Students eligible to enroll under this mechanism are those who are employed by The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, students enrolled in other University of Tennessee Health Science Center colleges, or students who are enrolled at The University of Memphis. All others must apply for and be admitted to a program in the College of Graduate Health Sciences. A non-degree application must be completed 6 weeks prior to enrollment.

International Students - College of Graduate Health Sciences (http://www.utmem.edu/grad/)

International applicants must present (1) a complete and accurate chronological outline of all previous education; (2) authorized college or university records, with certified translations if the records are in a language other than English; (3) evidence of financial resources sufficient to provide the student with adequate support during the period of registration as a student; (4) evidence of proficiency in English; (5) documentation that he/she can provide transportation from his/her country to The University of Tennessee Health Science Center and return, and (6) his/her transcripts evaluated by a professional credential evaluation service which includes calculation of the GPA. Any applicant to the graduate program whose first language is not English and who has earned neither a bachelor’s nor a master’s degree from a college or university in the United States, Canada, Great Britain, or Australia must have achieved a TOEFL score of at least 213 (earned within 2 years prior to application) to be admitted. Any applicant to the graduate college whose first language is not English but who has earned a baccalaureate or master’s degree from a college or university in the United States, Canada, Great Britain, or Australia, may be exempted from the requirement for the TOEFL examination. If there is cause to doubt the student’s proficiency in English (as determined by the Dean), the student may be required to take an English proficiency test prior to registration. The complete file, including the application, official certificates, descriptive titles of courses taken, and detailed transcripts with marks gained in final examinations, must be submitted to the Office of Enrollment Services (910 Madison Ave., Suite 525, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163) at least three months in advance of the semester in which admission is desired. Successful applicants will receive a certificate of acceptance to be presented to the United States Consul with the application for a student visa. The University of Tennessee Health Science Center will not accept visas issued for admission to other colleges or universities.

Health Science Fellowships and Special Programs, Financial Aid

Students admitted to The University of Tennessee Health Science Center should have the opportunity to pursue a career in the health professions regardless of financial limitations.

The University of Tennessee Health Science Center has available Graduate Teaching Assistantships (GTA) that may be awarded to successful applicants to the various Ph.D. degree programs and to applicants to the M.S. degree Joint Program in Biomedical Engineering. Recipients of these assistantships will assist in teaching. Graduate Research Assistantships (GRA) are available to students in the second and later years of study; research performed by recipients of GRA is under the direct supervision of the student’s Research Advisor. In addition, a very limited number of fellowships and scholarships are awarded on a competitive basis and may be continued so long as the student is making exemplary progress toward the degree.

During the first year of study, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center provides a limited number of GTA appointments to qualified students; these carry stipends with waiver of tuition and fees. Support in subsequent years is funded from research grants, training grants, or special predoctoral fellowships awarded by outside agencies. The student makes applications for these latter fellowships directly to the awarding agency; the Dean of the graduate college will periodically announce the availability of these fellowships.

In addition, the UT Financial Aid Office is committed to helping remove the financial barriers to education for those students with limited resources. Further information can be obtained from the Financial Aid Office (The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163).

Outside Employment of Full-time Students

Under some circumstances, full-time graduate students are permitted to supplement the stipend by employment within or outside the university. It is the responsibility of the program chair and the student’s Faculty Committee to determine whether such outside employment interferes with the expectations of that program regarding the student’s acceptable progress in course and research work, and in the amount of time the student is expected to spend in research and service. If the program chair determines that outside employment would interfere with the student’s progress, such employment may be prohibited.

General Requirements for Graduate Students – College of Graduate Health Sciences (http://www.utmem.edu/grad/)

Grading System

Graduate students must maintain an average record on all graduate courses of B or above.

The grade of D is counted in computing the grade point average (GPA) but does not carry credit toward a degree. Graduate students may not repeat courses to raise the GPA.

For thesis and research work, the letters “P” are used to indicate satisfactory progress and “N” to indicate no progress; these grades do not enter into the computing of the student’s GPA.

For information on the following topics please refer to the following sites:

College of Graduate Health Sciences (http://www.utmem.edu/grad/)

GPA Requirements

Appeal of Grades

Continuation of Student Following Admission to Candidacy

Academic Due Process

Transfer of Credits

Registration

Registration must be accomplished no later than the first day of classes each semester. The academic calendar indicating these dates appears on the College of Graduate Health Science web page (www.utmem.edu/grad). Each student should consult with the program chair or director to devise a course schedule for each semester. Each student must ascertain that his/her status is correct and is correctly noted on the registration card; tuition and fee status will be determined at the Cashier’s Office using this information.

Continuous Registration

All graduate students, except those on active military duty, will enroll each semester. Students who need to leave the University during an academic semester should obtain approval for a leave of absence or withdraw. Noncompliance will result in non-passing grades in all courses for which enrolled. To reenter the University after withdrawal, students must formally reapply.

Changes in Registration

At the discretion of, and with the permission of, the student’s Research Advisor, courses may be dropped, added, or changed from credit to audit (or vice versa) within 15 calendar days after the beginning of the course. The course instructor’s permission is not required. After this time, course changes require approval of the student’s Research Advisor, the course director, and the program chair. Such course changes will be approved only under extreme circumstances and only through the end of August in the Fall Semester and end of February in the Spring Semester. After that time, no changes will be approved.

For information on the following topics please refer to the following site:

College of Graduate Health Sciences (http://www.utmem.edu/grad/)

Master of Science Degree
Residence Requirements
Credit Hour
Language
Research
Faculty Committee
Admission to Candidacy
Examination
Doctor of Philosophy
Residence
Credit Hours
Language
Faculty Committee
Admission to Candidacy
Examination
Research
Dissertation
Attendance at Graduation

Combined Degree Program (D.D.S./Ph.D., M.D./Ph.D., N.Pharm.D./Ph.D.)

These programs prepare exceptionally well-qualified students for careers in the academic and research aspects of dentistry, medicine, nursing, pharmacy, and the biomedical sciences, utilizing an integrated format that allows the attainment of both the professional degree and the Ph.D.

Combined degree programs are available in the Colleges of Dentistry (D.D.S./Ph.D. degree), Medicine (M.D./Ph.D.), Nursing (D.N.P./Ph.D.) and Pharmacy (Pharm.D./ Ph.D. degree). Students interested in any of these combined degree programs should consult the Dean’s offices in the professional college and in the College of Graduate Health Sciences.

Exceptions

Exceptions to these policies must be requested in writing to the Dean of the College of Graduate Health Sciences.

College of Graduate Health Sciences Academic Calendar

College of Graduate Health Sciences (http://www.utmem.edu/grad/)

Programs and Course Listing Integrated Program in Biomedical Sciences

In 2004, the programs in Anatomy and Neurobiology, Molecular Sciences, Pathology, Pharmacology, and Physiology joined to create the Integrated Program in Biomedical Sciences.

The Integrated Program in Biomedical Sciences (IPBS), a research-oriented interdisciplinary program, involves faculty from The University of Tennessee Health Science Center and affiliate faculty from nearby St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital and the Veterans Affairs Medical Center. Unlike traditional, department-based graduate programs, the IPBS provides Ph.D. or M.D./Ph.D. degree-seeking students with broad-based, cross-disciplinary training that is essential in today’s competitive research environment. The IPBS consists of seven tracks that cover the spectrum of contemporary biomedical science: Cancer and Developmental Biology; Cell Biology and Biochemistry; Genetics, Functional Genomics, and Proteomics; Integrative Systems Biology; Microbial Pathogenesis, Immunology, and Inflammation; Molecular Therapeutics and Cell Signaling; and Neuroscience. More than 150 participating faculty have primary appointments in one of the seven tracks. Most also have secondary appointments in other tracks. The result is a multitiered structure in which faculty members from several different traditional departments contribute to a single track, enhancing the interdisciplinary training of students.

Students do not formally declare a track affiliation at the time of entry. Instead, this decision is made after a series of laboratory rotations during the first year. Rotations may occur in laboratories belonging to any of the seven tracks, or students may choose to focus more narrowly on laboratories belonging to a single track.

During the first year, all students take a core curriculum providing a foundation in cell, molecular, and systems biology. Many students opt to enroll in additional elective courses in their areas of interest, while others wait until they have selected a track and research advisor.

Foreign language requirements: none.

801 IP, Integrity in the Conduct of Scientific Research. This course consists of a study of the ethical principles and related federal and state laws that govern scientific research. Through a combination of lecture and case study discussion, students learn both the substance and application to scientific research of ethical principles and related laws. Topics addressed include research with human subjects, research with animals, the use of human biological materials, privacy and confidentiality of research and medical records, conflicts of interest, scientific misconduct, ownership of research, responsible reporting of research, and ethical training practices. The grade awarded to a student is based on the student’s performance on a written midterm examination and a written final examination. The grade awarded will be Pass or Fail. The minimum score required to pass the course is 70, calculated as an average of the scores achieved on the midterm and final examinations. Spring. Credit 1 (1-0).

803 IP, Essentials of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. The course integrates the fundamental aspects of biochemistry and molecular biology. Topics covered include: biochemical and biophysical principles (bonding, properties of water, thermodynamics, ionization and acid-base theory, and chemical kinetics); structure, synthesis, and function of proteins; nucleic acid metabolism; DNA and chromosome structure and replication; transcription and gene regulation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes; biomembranes; intracellular organelles and membrane trafficking; and mitochondria and bioenergetics. Credit 6 (6-0).

804 IP, Science Education and the Community. It is the responsibility of scientists to educate the community at-large about the contributions of basic research to the health and well-being of citizens. One way to do this is to serve as role models in the classroom and community. Consequently, students will volunteer approximately 15 hours of their time during the school year to assist in science classes or workshops in area schools or after school programs. Credit 1 (1-0).

810 IP, Seminars. Assigned readings in the original literature with student presentation and critical discussion of papers. Credit and hours by arrangement.

840 IP, Special Topics. Directed readings or special course in topics of current interest. Credit variable 1-5.

842 IP, Systems Biology. The course is intended to aid the beginning graduate student to develop an understanding of 1) how each of the major organ systems functions and contributes to the body’s ability to maintain its internal environment in the face of both internal and external disturbances, 2) how the body protects itself from invading pathogens, 3) how drugs affect various processes to produce alterations in cellular or organ system function, and 4) the basic causes of the major types of diseases. Credit 10.

843 IP, Cellular and Molecular Biology. The course integrates the fundamental aspects of biochemistry, cell biology, and molecular biology. Topics covered include biochemical and biophysical principles (bonding, properties of water, thermodynamics, ionization and acid-base theory, and chemical kinetics); structure, synthesis, and function of proteins; nucleic acid metabolism; DNA and chromosome structure and replication; transcription and gene regulation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes; biomembranes; intracellular organelles and membrane trafficking; mitochondria and bioenergetics; cell signaling; cytoskeletal structure and function; cell cycle and cell growth; cell differentiation; extracellular matrix and cell adhesion; and genetics of human disease. Credit 8 (8-0).

900 IP, Doctoral Dissertation and Research. Fall and Spring. Credit and hours by arrangement.

940 IP, Molecular Biology of Cancer. The course will provide a comprehensive survey of cancer biology, describing the disrupted normal development processes, the altered molecular mechanisms that govern the functioning of malignant cells, the biology and treatments of common types of cancer, and the development of therapies for treatment of resistant and metastatic cancer cells. Credit 4 (4-0).

611 ANAT, Histology. A study of human histology and organology, with special emphasis on the oral cavity. Prerequisite: Permission of instructor. Fall. Credit 5 (3-2).

615 ANAT, Human Gross Anatomy. The gross structure of the human body, studied by means of complete dissection supplemented by lectures. Prerequisite: Permission of instructor. Fall. Credit 7 (4-3).

616 ANAT, Microscopic Anatomy. A lecture and laboratory study of general histology and organology, with emphasis on human material. Prerequisite: Permission of instructor. Fall. Credit 3 (2-1).

622 ANAT, Head and Neck Anatomy. A lecture and laboratory study of the gross structures of the head and neck, designed primarily for predoctoral dental students. Prerequisite: Permission of instructor. Spring. Credit 3 (2-2).

812 ANAT, Introduction to Neuroscience. This required course is designed to introduce new graduate students in the Neuroscience Graduate Program to the field of neuroscience. Lectures, provided by the faculty of the Neuroscience Institute, provide extensive courage of the field from cellular and molecular neurobiology to behavioral and cognitive neuroscience. This lecture course provides a comprehensive overview of modern neurobiology and serves as a prerequisite to more advanced graduate courses in neuroscience. Prerequisite: permission of instructor. Credit: 5 (5-0).

815 ANAT, Research. Qualified students may undertake specific research projects in the laboratories of faculty members. Prerequisite: Permission of Program Chair. Fall and Spring. Credit and hours by arrangement.

821 ANAT, Neuroscience Seminar. Graduate students and postdoctoral fellows are exposed to the latest concepts, techniques, and developments in basic and clinical neuroscience. Weekly seminars are presented by participating students, postdoctoral fellows, University of Tennessee Health Science Center faculty, and prominent outside speakers each year. Prerequisite: Permission of instructor. Fall and Spring. Credit 1 (10).

823 ANAT, Cellular Neuroscience. This course provides the student with an overview of the cellular and molecular processes by which nerve cells communicate. The course covers classical theories and concepts as a basis for appreciation of recent research advances. Lectures by the faculty will provide core material to guide students in presentation of current research topics in Neurochemistry, Neuropharmacology, and Neurophysiology. Extensive reading of the literature will supplement lectures and presentations. Prerequisite: Morphological Neuroscience (822 ANAT) or equivalent. Spring. Credit 3 (3-0).

824 ANAT, Techniques in Neuroscience. This course will train the student in the use of standard and state-of-the-art research techniques in neuroanatomy, neurophysiology, and neurochemistry. Instruction will be by faculty actively employing these techniques in their own research and who, in several cases, have contributed to the innovation and improvement of a method. It is intended to provide practical experience in the major techniques of neuroscience. This course is intended to (1) acquaint the student with the theoretical basis of each technique, (2) teach the student the laboratory skills necessary to perform each technique, (3) teach the student how to critically evaluate the results and to be aware of the pitfalls of each technique, and (4) acquaint the student with the possible combinations of any single technique with others in designing experiments. Prerequisite: Permission of the instructor. Spring (second half). Credit 3.

825 ANAT, Developmental and Molecular Neurobiology. This one-semester course will serve as an introduction to developmental neurobiology with special emphasis on the molecular analysis of nervous system development. A brief introduction to molecular analysis will be followed by lectures and student-led discussions of research papers that focus on major epochs/events in the development of the nervous system.

Prerequisites: Concurrent or previous course in Morphological Neuroscience (822 ANAT) or permission of instructor. Fall. Credit 3 (3-0).

826 ANAT, Neuroscience Student Symposia. Students make scientific presentations, and participate in the discussion of presentations by other students. Presentations are to be based on the students’ own research or on research closely related to their own interests. The presentations are to be given in the style of a scientific meeting, with time allotted for individual talks and discussion. Prerequisite: Permission of instructor. Spring. Credit 1 by arrangement.

827 ANAT, Functional Neuroanatomy. A lecture and laboratory course dealing with the structure and function of the mammalian central nervous system. The emphasis of the course is on human neuroanatomy, but comparisons are made with the rodent brain using the rat as a model system. The first one-third of the course provides a synopsis of core concepts and tools used in contemporary neuroanatomical research. This material focuses on an understanding of the principles underlying neuroanatomical approaches, as well as their advantages and potential pitfalls. The final two-thirds of the course covers the basic organization of the central nervous system, including in-depth consideration of its major sensory, motor, and limbic components. This part of the course includes laboratory study on the gross anatomy of the brain. Prerequisite: Permission of the instructor. An introductory course in neuroscience is highly recommended. Credit: 3.

840 ANAT, Special Topics. Directed readings or special course in topics of current interest. Credit variable 1-5.

841 ANAT, Behavioral Neuroscience. This elective is designed to introduce graduate students to behavioral approaches to the study of neuroscience. This course combines lectures with review of both classic and current literature in order to develop an extensive appreciation of behavioral techniques used to study neuroscience questions. Prerequisite: permission of instructor. 3 (3-0).

900 ANAT, Doctoral Dissertation and Research. Fall and Spring. Credit and hours by arrangement.

915 ANAT, Research. Continuation of Anatomy 815, Research. Qualified students undertake specific research projects in the laboratories of faculty members. Fall and Spring. Credit and hours by arrangement.

922 ANAT, General Cell Biology. A lecture course covering current areas of research in cell biology with particular emphasis on correlation of the ultrastructure of cellular components with their physiological and biochemical function. Prerequisites: Microscopic anatomy and general biochemistry or equivalent. Credit and hours by arrangement.

927 ANAT, Special Topics in Neurobiology. Seminars, lectures, and a laboratory experience in one or more specialized fields in the anatomical sciences, including but not limited to many aspects of neuroscience and cell biology. Prerequisite: Permission of instructor. Credit and hours by arrangement.

612 MSCI, Elements of Microbiology. A course on the fundamental aspects of microbial growth, nutrition, and genetics; mechanisms of infection and resistance; and a survey of disease-producing microorganisms with emphasis on those associated with the oral cavity. Dental student course. Credit 5 (3-2).

621 MSCI, Medical Microbiology and Immunology. An intensive basic lecture course on the principles and concepts of microbiology and immunology, including microbial physiology and metabolism, genetics and gene regulation, mechanisms of humoral and cell-mediated immunity, animal virology, mechanisms of resistance to infection, and the specific role of microbial agents in disease. Medical student course. Prerequisite: 811 MSCI or equivalent. Credit 6 (6-0).

800 MSCI, Master’s Thesis and Research.* Research performed under the direction and supervision of the respective student’s advisor, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science. Credit and hours by arrangement.

812 MSCI, Physical Biochemistry and Applications in Structural Biology. A lecture course in physical biochemistry that is divided into two parts. The first part covers the major experimental techniques used in physical biochemistry, including X-ray crystallography, NMR spectroscopy, general spectroscopy, and thermodynamics. The theoretical and experimental bases of the techniques will be emphasized. The second part addresses the structure and mechanisms of biological macromolecules, and many of the major classes of proteins will be discussed, as well as the structures of DNA and RNA. Emphasis will be on the physicochemical processes that control the folding and stability of macromolecules and on the processes that determine their unique structures and functions. The course will be accompanied by problem sets and practical sessions in the laboratory, and students will also be provided with software for viewing and manipulating structures on personal computers. Prerequisites: calculus, physics, biology, organic chemistry, biochemistry, physical chemistry, and 811 MSCI or permission of the course director. Offered in alternate years. Credit: 3 (3-0).

813 MSCI, Immunology. A comprehensive survey course of both cellular and molecular immunology. The course analyzes the detailed mechanisms that control rearrangements and expression of genes that encode immune receptors, cell-cell communications among cells that are involved in immune responses, antigen-antibody interactions, and other topics in serology and host immune responses. Offered in alternate years. Credit 3 (30).

814 MSCI, Bioinformatics I. This course consists of eleven 2.5-hour segments. The material will be introduced in a brief lecture format for 30-45 minutes as necessary. The majority of time will be spent using computer applications of bioinformatics tools. The course is designed to provide practical training in bioinformatics methods including accessing the major public sequence databases, using the five BLAST tools to find sequences, analyzing protein and nucleic acid sequences by various software packages like Vector NTI or SeqWeb, detecting motifs or domains in proteins, assembling protein sequences from genomic DNA, detecting exons and finding intron-exon boundaries, aligning sequences (Clustal W), making phylogenetic trees (Phylip), and comparative genomics. Students should leave the course with a working knowledge of how to carry out research using these tools. Prerequisite: general knowledge of gene and protein structure. Credit 2 (1-2).

815 MSCI, Bioinformatics II. This course consists of six 2.5-hour segments partially as lecture and partially as computer tutorial sessions to demonstrate advanced bioinformatics methods and the use of databases. The course follows Bioinformatics I. Topics include finding and using public databases other than NCBI; private databases and understanding the politics of genomics; genome browsers and NCBI’s genomic biology section; gene arrays-their construction, use, and data analysis; mapping quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and radiation hybrid mapping; and 3D protein structure viewers and threading. Prerequisites: Bioinformatics I or permission of the instructor. Credit 1 (0-2).

823 MSCI, Cellular Neuroscience. This course provides an overview of the cellular and molecular processes by which nerve cells communicate. The course covers theories and concepts as a basis for appreciation of recent research advances. Prerequisite: Morphological Neuroscience (822 ANAT) or equivalent. Credit 3 (3-0).

825 MSCI, Prokaryotic Genetics. This course is designed to familiarize students with the structure and function of the genetic elements of bacteria and to stress the application of basic genetic principles and techniques in research. Offered in alternate years. Credit 3 (3-0).

827 MSCI, Bacterial Pathogenesis. A course in which the physiology and pathogenicity of selected organisms is discussed. Emphasis is placed on mechanisms of virulence. Offered in alternate years. Credit 3 (3-0).

828 MSCI, Principles of Laboratory Instruction. Conferences on methods of instruction and practice in supervision of students who are performing laboratory experiments. Credit 3 (1-8).

829 MSCI, Student Literature Presentations.* Assigned readings in the original literature with presentation and critical discussion of papers. Credit 1 (1-0).

833 MSCI, Virology. An introductory course emphasizing bacterial and animal viruses. The nature, classification, physicochemical properties, molecular biology, multiplication, host cell relationships, immunology, and methods of propagation and quantitation of the viruses are considered. Offered in alternate years. Credit 3 (3-0).

840 MSCI, Special Topics in Molecular Sciences. Directed readings or special course in topics of current interest. Section 001: Biochemistry, Section 002: Immunology, Section 003: Virology, Section 004: Bacterial Pathogenesis, Section 005: Gene Expression/Regulation, Section 006: Cell Biology. Credit variable 1-5.

858 MSCI, Microbiology Research. Qualified students may undertake research for which credit and hours will be arranged.

861 MSCI, Cellular Signaling. The course will provide a comprehensive survey of cellular signaling, describing, mechanisms of signal transduction. The lectures will detail cellular signaling from the major classes of cell surface receptors to the impact on nuclear events. The class will emphasize the integration and coordination of signaling pathways in the cell and how this impacts on the fact of the cell. Prerequisites: IP 842 and IP 843 or permission of course directors. Credit: 3 (3-0).

900 MSCI, Doctoral Dissertation and Research.* Research performed under the direction and supervision of the respective student’s advisor, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Credit and hours by arrangement.

910 MSCI, Student Seminar.* Reports of current research are made by students for fellows and staff. Presentations are followed by general informal discussion. Under certain circumstances, topics of current interest in the field are selected and reviewed by students and staff members. Credit 1 (1-0).

911 MSCI, Applied Proteomics. The goal of this course will be to systematically evaluate the use of proteomics in defined experimental situations. In the first part of the course this will be accomplished by requiring students to read and present relevant articles from the proteomic literature to learn the strengths and weaknesses of different proteomic approaches. Subsequently, direct perspective of the practicality/efficiency of these approaches will be gained by applying proteomics to research projects of each student followed by class presentation, discussion, and analysis of real proteomics data and results. These research projects may be actual components of the graduate research project, or hypothetical, correct application of current methods relevant to the students’ graduate work or special interest. Credit: 2.

926 MSCI, Proteins and Enzymes. A course on structure of proteins and enzyme catalysis as well as regulation. Prerequisite: 811 MSCI. Offered in alternate years. Credit 3 (3-0).

928 MSCI, Principles of Mass Spectrometry. A course on the state-of-the-art techniques in the field of mass spectrometry offered in alternate years. Credit 2 (2-0).

929 MSCI, Techniques in Molecular Biology.* The theory and practical application of commonly used laboratory techniques in molecular biology are considered. Credit variable 1-4 (4-0).

930 MSCI, Molecular and Cellular Basis of Pathogenesis. The course will provide a comprehensive overview of both viral and bacterial pathogenesis from the perspective of both host and pathogen. The lectures are intended to complement the immunology and pathophysiology lectures in IP 842 “Systems Biology” to provide a comprehensive and fundamental understanding of the concepts that govern host-pathogen interactions. Lectures will present in detail the molecular genetic, structural, and cellular mechanisms that viral and bacterial pathogens use to infect cells and tissues of the host and the subsequent disease consequences of infection. Prerequisite: IP842 Systems Biology and IP843 Cellular and Molecular Biology or permission of the course director. Credit 3 (3-0). *Required of all Molecular Sciences graduate students.

605 PATH, General Pathology. Organ system pathology with emphasis on correlation of symptoms, altered function, abnormal physical findings, and clinical laboratory data with histopathologic and gross pathologic lesions. Primarily for graduate students but open to other students who have completed general pathology courses with consent of instructor. Credit 3 (3-0).

811 PATH, Introduction to Pathobiology. Seminars on the general concepts of human diseases including cell adaptation, inflammation, immunopathology, cancer, degenerative diseases, and genetic diseases. Fall. Credit 3 (3-0).

820 PATH, Techniques in Cell & Molecular Pathology. Introduction to modern laboratory techniques in cell and molecular pathology to involve rotation through four different laboratories or research areas. Students may take two rotations concurrently. Fall Semester, Credit 1 (0-4). Spring. Credit 3 (0-12).

826 PATH, Cell Biology. A course in cell biology that requires 811 BIOC as a prerequisite. The course covers introduction to the cell, cell motility/cell migration, cell cycle regulation/multiplication, nucleus/gene expression, membrane maintenance of cellular compartments, and extracellular matrix. Spring. Credit 4 (4 0).

834 PATH, Pathology Seminars. Topics of current interest in the field are selected and reviewed by the student. Presentations are followed by a general informal discussion. Under certain circumstances, reports of current research may be made by students. Credit 1 (1-0).

840 PATH, Special Topics. Directed readings or special course in topics of current interest. Credit variable 1-5.

900 PATH, Doctoral Dissertation. Research performed under the direction of the student’s Research Advisor in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Ph.D. degree. Credit variable.

910 PATH, Advanced Topics in Molecular Pathology. A combined lecture/seminar course to provide students with the most advanced information available concerning the molecular mechanisms that mediate normal signal transduction and what defects in these mechanisms occur during oncogenesis and other disease processes. Fall. Credit 4 (4-0).

913 PATH, Cell and Molecular Pathology. A combined lecture/seminar course to teach the student the in-depth aspects of selected human diseases from a clinical, pathological, and molecular perspective. Spring. Credit 3(3-0).

920 PATH Advanced Topics in Virology/Immunology. A combined lecture/seminar/ journal article review course to expose students to the most recent topics in virology and immunology. Fall. Credit 5 (5-0).

921 PATH, Special Topics in Pathology. Specialized courses to be offered periodically when in demand. Credit variable.

922 PATH, Modern Methods in Forensic Pathology. The focus of the course is the application of DNA technology to forensic identification. Various methods historically used for identification (e.g., fingerprints, anthropology, serology, hair analysis) will be discussed as to their strengths and weaknesses. The forensic utility of DNA technology will be examined and the student will be acquainted with its place in the courtroom. Prerequisite: 2nd or 3rd year student, Pathology, Biochemistry, and Cell Biology. Spring. Credit 3 (1-2).

923 PATH, Desktop Computing in Research. This course will provide students with an in-depth introduction to the application of word processing, spreadsheet, graphics, and database computing strategies for the development of research data descriptions and analysis. Additional exposure to practical examples of methods to record, store, and analyze experimental data, including detailed demonstrations of software designed to provide instrument interfaces, movies, and scanning techniques will be explored. The Macintosh personal computer environment will be the center of focus, with exposure to other computing environments, i.e., mainframe computers, where appropriate, to provide additional Internet resources, database exploration, presentation software, and software related to molecular biology. Spring Semester. Enrollment is limited to 10 students. Credit 2 (1-2).

800 PHAR, Master’s Thesis and Research. Research performed under the direction and supervision of the respective student’s advisor, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science. Credit to be arranged.

811 PHAR, Introduction to Research in Pharmacology. Designed to orient graduate students to various areas of research in the department and to problems that may be encountered in the planning and conduct of investigations in pharmacology. Opportunity is provided for individual participation in the research program of a faculty member. Enrollment is limited to graduate students in the Department of Pharmacology. Credit and hours to be arranged.

812 PHAR, Principles of Drug Action, Part I. Lectures, comprehensive discussions, and student presentations of selected topics from the scientific literature are focused on the basic principles of drug action, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, receptor binding, pharmacologic aspects of signal transduction, cancer chemotherapy, and antimicrobial drugs. Prerequisite: Approval of course director. Fall. Credit 5 (5-0).

819 PHAR, Pharmacology Research Seminar. This is the weekly research seminar program in the Program in Pharmacology. Speakers include faculty from the Program in Pharmacology, other programs from The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, and from outside institutions. Enrollment is limited to graduate students in the Program in Pharmacology. Credit 1 (1-0).

822 PHAR, Principles of Drug Action, Part II. Lectures, comprehensive discussions, and student presentations of selected topics from the scientific literature are focused on autonomic and neuropharmacology, endocrine and metabolic pharmacology, and cardiovascular pharmacology. Prerequisite: 812 PHAR. Spring. Credit 5 (5-0).

823 PHAR, Cellular Neuroscience. This interdisciplinary course is offered through the Center for Neuroscience and provides the student with an overview of the cellular and molecular processes by which neurons communicate. The course covers classical theories and concepts as a basis for appreciation of recent research advances. Extensive reading of the literature will supplement lectures. Prerequisite: Approval of course director. Spring. Credit 3 (3-0).

840 PHAR, Special Topics. Directed readings or special course in topics of current interest. Credit variable 1-5.

900 PHAR, Dissertation and Research. Research performed under the direction and supervision of the respective student’s advisor, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Credit to be arranged.

919 PHAR, Pharmacology Journal Seminar. The members of the faculty and graduate students meet weekly to discuss the literature in pharmacology, physiology, therapeutics, and toxicology. Credit 1 (1-0).

931 PHAR, Special Topics in Pharmacology. Specialized courses of study offered on a periodic basis for advanced study. Credit and hours to be arranged.

612 PHYS, Physiology and Biophysics (Medical Physiology). This course, required of physiology graduate students, consists of closely integrated series of lectures, conferences and laboratory experiences presenting the physical underpinnings and functional properties of living matter and its reactions to internal and external stimuli. The physiology of the body’s various systems is detailed, and their integration into a coordinated functional unit is described. Spring. Credit 8.

800 PHYS, Master’s Thesis and Research.

819/919 PHYS, Physiology Seminar. Presentations by visiting scientists, local faculty, fellows, or graduate students are made weekly. All students are required to attend and participate in all seminars. Fall and Spring. Credit 1.

821/921 PHYS, Physiological Research. Properly prepared students may undertake research for which hours and credit will be arranged. All semesters. Credit will be arranged.

823 PHYS, Cellular Neuroscience. This course provides the graduate student with an overview of the cellular and molecular processes by which nerve cells operate and covers theories and concepts in the fields of neurochemistry, neurophysiology, and neuropharmacology. Electrochemical conduction, synaptic transmission, the action of transmitters and neuropeptides, and molecular mechanisms underlying sensation, motor function and higher cognitive processes, such as learning and memory, are emphasized. (See 823 ANAT for availability and credit hours.)

826 PHYS, Cell Biology. This course, required of physiology graduate students, provides an introduction to the cell, cell motility/migration, the cell cycle and its regulation, nucleus/gene expression, membranes, maintenance of cellular compartments, and extracellular matrix. (See 826 MSCI for availability and credit hours.)

840 PHYS, Special Topics. Directed readings or special course in topics of current interest. Section 001: Cell Physiology. Section 002: Functional Topics in Physiology. Section 003: Biophysics. Section 004: Biomedical Research Models. Credit variable 1

5.

900 PHYS, Doctoral Dissertation and Research.

911 PHYS, Advanced Topics in Physiology. A series of advanced courses (which may include appropriate laboratory exercises) required of physiology graduate students in endocrinology, cardiovascular physiology, gastrointestinal physiology, neurophysiology, respiratory physiology, renal physiology, etc. Prerequisite: 612 PHYS. Courses: 1-2 per semester. Credit 2 (2-0).

912 PHYS, Advanced Topics in Physiology. A series of advanced courses (which may include appropriate laboratory exercises) required of physiology graduate students in endocrinology, cardiovascular physiology, gastrointestinal physiology, neurophysiology, respiratory physiology, renal physiology, etc. Prerequisite: 612 PHYS. Courses: 1-2 per semester. Credit 2 (2-0).

Department of Comparative Medicine

The Department of Comparative Medicine faculty are engaged in collaborative and independent research in a variety of disciplines focusing on animal models. Areas of special interest include animal model development, experimental surgery, toxicologic and pharmacokinetic studies, pain pathophysiology, and studies on analgesics and anesthetics. Graduate courses are designed to prepare the student with appropriate knowledge of effective use of animals in biomedical research.

711 CMED, Essentials of Animal Experimentation. This course is designed to provide an overview of appropriate and effective use of animals in biomedical research. Topics to be covered include regulatory requirements, biomethodology, principles of experimental animal surgery, postoperative veterinary care, and animal care and use procedures. Emphasis is placed on practical experience with living animals and practice of techniques under anesthesia. No text is required. Scheduling of lecture and laboratory will be done following registration to accommodate other courses and time obligations. Fall. Credit 2 (2-1).

712 CMED, Biology and Pathophysiology of Laboratory Animals I. This course expands on much of the material covered in 711 COMED. Emphasis will be placed on the following species: mice, rats, guinea pigs, rabbits, and hamsters. Subjects to be covered include the taxonomy, applied anatomy and physiology, pharmacology, genetics, immunology, nutrition, behavior, husbandry, use as an animal model, and in-depth pathophysiology of significant diseases of each species. Laboratory procedures available for diagnosing these diseases will be discussed, including their limitations and how adventitious pathogens disrupt and confound experimental results derived from infected animals. Emphasis will be placed on features that make a particular species uniquely suitable for certain types of research. Prerequisite: 711 COMED or permission of instructor. Spring, alternate years. Credit 2 (2-0).

713 CMED, Biology and Pathophysiology of Laboratory Animals II. Continuation of 712 CMED. Emphasis will be placed on the following species: dogs, cats, sheep, goats, pigs and a variety of nonhuman primates. Rarely used species, such as amphibians, 209 reptiles, fish, avian species, and certain invertebrates will be covered to a lesser degree. Subjects to be covered include the taxonomy, applied anatomy and physiology, pharmacology, genetics, immunology, nutrition, behavior, husbandry, use as an animal model, and in-depth pathophysiology of significant diseases of each species. Laboratory procedures available for diagnosing these diseases will be discussed, including their limitations and how adventitious pathogens disrupt and confound experimental results derived from infected animals. Emphasis will be placed on features that make a particular species uniquely suitable for certain types of research. Prerequisite: 712 CMED or permission of instructor. Spring, alternate years. Credit 2 (2-0). The Department of Comparative Medicine in conjunction with the affiliated veterinary faculty at St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital offers a residency in laboratory animal medicine providing advanced education and training for veterinarians in the specialty of Laboratory Animal Medicine. The training program complies with the standards established by the American College of Laboratory Animal Medicine (ACLAM) and qualifies candidates upon completion to sit for the certification examination by ACLAM. The curriculum includes clinical rotation, applied and basic research collaboration, and didactic instruction. The program involves a 36-month period with approximately 60-70% of activity in preventive health monitoring, direct research animal health, and associated clinical service. Special work includes veterinary pathology seminars, ACUC interaction, independent research, and graduate course work in experimental animal use and diseases, biostatistics, and other basic science issues. A Certificate of Specialty in Laboratory Animal Medicine has been approved for award on the satisfactory completion of the 36 months of study. The department currently matriculates one student in the fall of each year. A variable stipend is provided based on previous experience and training.

Library and Biocommunications Center

711 LBC, Effective Oral Communication Skills Seminar. Skills in oral presentation of scientific data will be developed through student reports from the appropriate literature with evaluation of performance emphasizing improvements in communication skills. Each student will make two presentations, which are videotaped and critiqued by the class and instructor. Preparation of effective visuals will be required as part of each presentation. Each student must obtain agreement from a faculty member who will serve as content expert and who must attend the student’s two presentations. Enrollment is limited to 20. Spring. Credit 1 (0-2).

721 LBC, Information Retrieval and Management. Students will develop skills in microcomputer disk and file management, creation and use of databases, transfer of data to and from multiuser computers and personal computers, use of the UT library’s online services, and reprint file management. Strategies and techniques that meet the information needs of health professionals are emphasized. Course grade is based on home work and a semester project. Prerequisite: permission of the instructor. Enrollment is limited to a minimum of 6 and a maximum of 12. The course meets once a week for 10 weeks. Fall. Credit 1 (0-3).

Program in Biomedical Engineering UT/UM Joint Graduate Program in Biomedical Engineering

The UT School of Biomedical Engineering, together with the Department of Biomedical Engineering at The University of Memphis, offer a Joint Graduate Program leading to the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in Biomedical Engineering (BME). As a special field, BME applies engineering, physical sciences, and mathematical methods to problems involving health care; it demands close integration of many areas and forms of knowledge including the areas listed above, the life and health sciences, and current practice in clinical care. The program’s primary faculty are divided equally between the two campuses and offer academic and research activities in four major sub-disciplines:

(1)Biomechanics and rehabilitation engineering, including orthopedic implants, prosthetic devices and design engineering.

(2)
Cell and tissue engineering, focusing on the cardiovascular system and including artificial organs, biomaterials, and hemodynamics.
(3)
Electrophysiology, including measurement methods, modeling and computation, and signal analysis.
(4)
Imaging, including novel medical image-acquisition devices, computational image processing, and quantitative analysis techniques.

These sub-disciplines are bolstered by collaborations with secondary and adjunct faculty at the two universities and other affiliated institutions.

Applicants accepted into the Joint Program are admitted to both universities. For each student, one campus is designated as the administrative site. All actions related to assistantships, financial aid, immigration or other government forms, and graduation (e.g., application for candidacy, appointment of faculty committee, thesis or dissertation review and acceptance) are processed on and follow the policies of the administrative campus. In almost all cases, the administrative campus chosen will be that of the student’s Research Advisor.

Courses in the Joint Program in BME listed below follow the calendar for The University of Memphis, including the final examination schedules and all deadline dates. BME graduate students enrolled in courses in other programs or departments at either university must abide by the respective calendars under which such courses are listed.

Retention Policy

Students who have been admitted to the program on a conditional basis must make satisfactory progress toward completing all requirements of their conditional admission each semester of enrollment. Failure to make satisfactory progress may result in dismissal from the program.

All students will be required to maintain a GPA of at least 3.0. Failure to maintain the minimum GPA is considered sufficient cause for being dismissed from the program. Any student whose GPA falls below 3.0 will be allowed a period of one semester to correct the deficiency. This period may, at the discretion of the student’s Faculty Committee, be extended one additional semester. If the GPA at the end of this extension is still below 3.0, the student will be dismissed from the program. Students will be permitted two grades of C in courses taken at the two universities.

Students who earn a third grade of C or lower will be dismissed from the program.

Graduation Requirements

Master of Science

Students may elect to graduate from the Joint Program with a Master of Science in Biomedical Engineering through either a thesis or a nonthesis option. 214 a) Thesis Option: Students must complete 30 credit hours, which includes six credits in the life sciences area, six credits in mathematics and its applications, at least 12 credits in engineering and six credits of thesis. Oral defense of the thesis to the student’s Faculty Committee and an oral exam are required. b) Nonthesis Option: Students will be required to complete 33 credit hours, which includes six credits in the life sciences area, six credits in mathematics and its applications, at least 15 credits in engineering and a three-credit project course. Oral defense of the project to a committee of the graduate BME faculty and a written comprehensive exam are required.

Ph.D. Degree Program

Students graduating with a Doctor of Philosophy degree in Biomedical Engineering must complete 90 hours of course work beyond the bachelor’s degree or 57 beyond the master’s degree. Of the total hours of course work, at least 12 must be in the life sciences and 12 in mathematics. Credit for the dissertation will be 24 to 30 semester hours; at least 24 credit hours are required, but up to six additional hours credited toward the required total of 90 hours may be permitted as determined by the student’s Faculty Committee.

609 BIOM, Special Topics in Biomedical Engineering. Individual topics in biomedical engineering are covered at an introductory graduate level and open to undergraduates with senior standing. Typical uses for the listing include first offerings of new courses and special, one-time treatments of material for small groups of students. (Individual students pursuing project work with a faculty member should use other course numbers,

e.g. 804 BIOM.) Credit variable 1-3. [Equivalent to UM BIOM 6900/6909].

800 BIOM, Master’s Thesis and Research. Research performed under the direction and supervision of the respective student’s Research Advisor, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science. Credit by arrangement. [Equivalent to UM BIOM 7996].

801 BIOM, Biomedical Engineering Analysis I. Analytical and numerical solution techniques used in analysis of biomedical engineering problems; introduction to software packages PV-Wave and Math CAD for experience with modern problem-solving methods. Credit 3 (3-0). [Equivalent to UM BIOM 7101/8101].

802 BIOM, Biomedical Engineering Analysis II. Continuation of 801 BIOM. Advanced techniques for solution of complex problems related to biomedical engineering phenomena; emphasis on use of software packages PV-Wave and Math CAD for analysis of problems arising in biomedical engineering research. Credit 3 (3-0). [Equivalent to UM BIOM 7102/8102].

803 BIOM, Professional Development. This course consists of three sections and is required of all students in the Joint BME Graduate Program. Section 1 is Professional Excellence in Engineering and includes computer literacy, professional presentation methods, the scientific method, report writing, problem solving techniques, and other topics. Students make one oral presentation and submit one written report using the techniques given in the course. Section 2 requires attendance at weekly research seminars given by nationally prominent speakers. Students must submit 50- to 100-word summaries of each seminar. Section 3 includes professional activities in the student’s research track. The format is established by each research track and may include regular review meetings, track-based research seminars, reviews of prominent articles from research journals, and other similar activities. Credit 3 (pass/fail). [Equivalent to UM BIOM 7114/8114].

804 BIOM, Master’s Project I. Independent study in biomedical engineering on a topic selected in conjunction with instructor. Oral and written reports required. Use 824 if taken twice. [Equivalent to UM BIOM 7991/7992].

809 BIOM, Special Topics in Biomedical Engineering. Courses using this number present in-depth development of frontier topics of biomedical engineering by eminent researchers in their fields. Course material will be appropriate as background for graduate research. Particular descriptions are contained in semester course offerings. Admission by permission of the instructor. Credit 3 (3-0).

811 BIOM, Life Sciences for BME I. Within an introduction and application to aspects of the entire body, the course provides engineers and physical scientists with an understanding of aspects of the chemical, physical, and mechanical basis of cell shape, function, and motility. Integrated treatment of topics in cellular biochemistry, protein synthesis, energy releasing pathways, and membrane biophysics. Credit 3 (3-0). [Equivalent to UM BIOM 7020/8020].

813 BIOM, Bioelectricity. Introduction to electrical propagation through human tissue; membrane biophysics, action potentials, subthreshold stimuli, electrophysiology of heart, and neuromuscular junction. Credit 3 (3-0). [Equivalent to UM BIOM 7203/8203].

815 BIOM Biomedical Measurements and Instrumentation. Measurement techniques applicable in biomedical engineering; data acquisition systems, mechanical instrumentation, interface systems, signal analyses, biocompatibility requirements. Credit 3 (3-0). [Equivalent to UM BIOM 7209/8209].

816 BIOM, Mass Transport for Biomedical Engineers. Basic principles of mass transport applied to biological systems with particular emphasis on blood surface interactions, especially related to blood coagulation and thrombosis. Credit 3 (3-0). [Equivalent to UM BIOM 7454/8454].

817 BIOM, Advanced Cardiac Electrophysiology. Advanced course in electrocardiography, pathology of arrhythmias with an emphasis on the acute phase of ischemia; clinical interpretation and manifestation will be discussed. Credit 3 (3-0). [Equivalent to UM BIOM 7915/8915].

818 BIOM, Experimental Techniques in Cell and Tissue Engineering. This course consists of both lectures and laboratory work covering basic biochemical and biophysical measurement techniques used by biomedical engineers. Topics include antibody production, light spectroscopy, dialysis, ultrafiltration, chromatography, ultracentrifugation, electrophoresis, Western blotting, protein purification, and ELISA. Credit 3.

821 BIOM, Life Sciences for BME II. Continuation of 811 BIOM, Life Sciences for BME I. Credit 3 (3-0).

824 BIOM, Master’s Project II. Independent study in biomedical engineering on a topic selected in conjunction with instructor. Oral and written reports required. Credit 3 (3-0). [Equivalent to UM BIOM 7991/7992].

825 BIOM, Clinical/Industrial Internship in Biomedical Engineering. Independent study for biomedical engineering students in the master’s program; investigation in at least one area selected from a master list and approved by the student’s advisor. Credit

3. [Equivalent to UM BIOM 7721/8721].

826 BIOM, Tissue Engineering. Fundamental principles and current applications of tissue engineering in medicine and health care. Topics include bone and cartilage analogs, synthetic skin grafts, cell encapsulation systems, and biohybrid vascular grafts. Prerequisite: permission of instructor. Credit 3. [Equivalent to UM BIOM 7470/8470].

827 BIOM, Movement, Joint, and Implant Mechanics. The course consists of the following sections: muscle and bone anthoropometry; kinetics-the link model, mechanical work, energy, and power; kinematics and dynamics of rigid bodies; and the development of mechanically equivalent models of the human musculoskeletal system. Credit 3. [Equivalent to UM BIOM 7303/8303].

828 BIOM, Advanced Instrumentation and Measurements in EP. Advanced instrumentation and measurement techniques in electrophysiology; theory and application of noninvasive measurements of temperature, respiration, and the electrocardiogram; and invasive techniques including pacing, defibrillation, and arrhythmia induction and termination. Credit 3. [Equivalent to UM BIOM 7220/8220].

829 BIOM, Computational Modeling of Cellular Systems. Modeling, representation, and analysis of various cellular systems with applications in smooth, skeletal, and cardiac cells, as well as neurons. Introduces basic concepts of mathematical modeling along with numerical methods, and discusses various biological systems and models of 217 electrical and chemical activities within and between these biological systems (i.e., cells). Credit 3. [Equivalent to UM BIOM 7107/8107].

834 BIOM, Statistics. Introduction to statistical techniques used for analysis of basic and clinical biomedical engineering data: sampling theory, hypothesis testing, ANOVA, and nonparametric techniques. Credit: 3 (3-0). [Equivalent to UM BIOM 7110/8110].

840 BIOM, Special Topics. Directed readings or special course in topics of current interest. 840-001: Applied Biomedical Engineering. 840-002: Biomechanics and Rehabilitation Engineering. 840-003: Cell and Tissue Engineering. 840-004: Electrophysiology. 840-005: Medical Imaging. 840-006: Biocomputing. Credit variable 1-5.

841 BIOM, Engineering Analysis in Medical Imaging. Basic mathematical techniques used in medical image analysis. Part I covers modality-independent analysis including image representations, analog and digital signals, linearity and shift-invariance, imaging parameters, an overview of image reconstruction techniques, and experimental diagnostic accuracy. Part II covers modality-dependent analysis including applications of image reconstruction, examples of special analysis techniques and imaging instrumentation analysis, and simulation of photon generation and transport. Prerequisites: Calculus, complex variables, and integral transforms or permission of the instructor. Credit: 3.

845 BIOM, Biosensors. Provides graduate and upper-level students with a deeper understanding of chemical sensors and biosensors, with special emphasis on electrochemical biosensors and their in vivo applications. The lectures and laboratory work will provide the theoretical basis and hands-on experience with macro and micro sensors and their fabrication. Credit 3. [Equivalent to UM BIOM 7222/8222].

849 BIOM, Mathematical Modeling of Biological Phenomena. Application of mathematics to the understanding of biological systems is an important aspect of biomedical engineering and modern biology. The first part of the course presents lectures on the basic concepts of mathematical modeling formulation, implementation, and validation. During the second part, realistic examples of mathematical models in biology are presented. Credit 3 (3-0). [Equivalent to UM BIOM 7116/8116].

850 BIOM, Medical Imaging I. This course treats the basic mathematics and physics of medical imaging. Topics covered include theory and physics of x- and gammaradiation, NMR and ultrasound, imaging theory and image processing techniques used in medical imaging. Prerequisites: calculus, complex variables, general physics. Credit 3 (3-0). [Equivalent to UM BIOM 7501/8501].

851 BIOM, Medical Imaging II. This course treats the design, operation, and analysis of medical imaging devices. Instrumentation covered includes classical digital radiography, fluoroscopy, CT, gamma cameras, SPECT, PET, magnetic resonance, and ultrasound. Prerequisite: 850 BIOM, Medical Imaging I. Credit 3 (3-0). [Equivalent to UM BIOM 7502/8502].

853 BIOM, Advanced Imaging Instrumentation. The course presents a brief overview of digital radiographic principles and systems followed by a comprehensive treatment of an illustrative digital radiographic system: the kinestatic charge detector. Areas covered include the physical chemistry of noble gases, the physical and electronic mechanisms at work during the production, and transport and collection of the ionic signals that form the digital radiographic image. The electronic data acquisition system, chamber engineering and image quality and testing are also discussed. Prerequisites: 850 and 851 BIOM, Medical Imaging I and II. Credit 3 (3-0). [Equivalent to UM BIOM 7503/ 8503].

855 BIOM, Numerical Methods. The course covers numerical differentiation and integration, computer solution of linear equations, multiparameter minimization, Monte Carlo methods, and the solution of ordinary and partial differential equations. Prerequisites: Calculus. Credit 3 (3-0).

860 BIOM, Digital Signal Processing. The student is introduced to the fundamentals of discrete time signals and discrete transforms including the Z-transform and Discrete Fourier Transform. Also covered are digital networks and filter design techniques, fast Fourier transforms, random signals and noise power spectrum. Prerequisites: Calculus. Credit 3 (3-0).

869 BIOM, Biochemical Engineering. Application of engineering principles to effect biochemical transformation through use of living cells, subcellular organelles or enzymes; overview of biotechnology, bioreactor design; cell energetics, enzyme kinetics, Michelis-Menton calculations, immobilized cells; biosensors and process control. Credit 3 (3-0). [Equivalent to UM BIOM 7408/8408].

870 BIOM, Cardiovascular Fluid Dynamics. Mechanics of blood circulation, fluid mechanics of the heart, blood flow in arteries, unsteady flow in veins, current concepts in circulatory assist devices, and other selected topics. Credit 3 (3-0). [Equivalent to UM BIOM 7409/8409].

871 BIOM, Theory of Continuous Media. This course studies the fundamentals of the mechanics of continua. It concerns the basic principles common to fluids and solids. A knowledge of continuum mechanics provides a foundation for studies in fluid and solid mechanics, material sciences, and other branches of science and engineering. Credit 3 (3-0). [Equivalent to UM BIOM 7103/8103].

873 BIOM, Fluid Mechanics for Biomedical Engineers. Elements of hydrodynamics with applications to flow in biomedical systems; basic principles of continuity and Navier-Strokes equations; ideal and viscous flow, boundary layer solutions, fluid wave behavior; viscosity of plasma, blood, and viscoelastic fluids, principles of viscometry. Credit 3 (3-0). [Equivalent to UM BIOM 7452/8452].

874 BIOM, Artificial Organs. Basic concepts of blood contacting devices used as replacement for natural organs. Artificial kidney, lung, heart-lung bypass, total hearts and ventricular assist devices, pancreas and liver. Credit 3 (3-0). [Equivalent to UM BIOM 7425/8425].

876 BIOM, Biomaterials. Introduction to materials used in biomedical engineering; biocompatibility and uses of implantable materials such as ceramics, polyethylene, metals composites and other materials. Credit 3. [Equivalent to UM BIOM 7430/8430].

879 BIOM, Biomechanics I. Introduction to physiological systems with emphasis on structure and function of tissue and organs; application of continuum mechanics to understanding of tissue and organ behavior at microscopic and macroscopic levels; design analyses of surgical procedures and prosthetic devices. Credit 3. [Equivalent to UM BIOM 7310/8310].

880 BIOM, Computational Orthopedic Biomechanics. The application of computational methods to analyze orthopedic biomechanics problems of the muscular skeletal system. Fundamental principles in biomechanical engineering (spatial kinetics, Lagrangian dynamics, and solid mechanics) and appropriate numerical techniques will be employed to analyze isolated cases of the musculoskeletal system, including normal and pathological joint motions, function and design of implant hardware and trauma fixation devices, and analysis of upper and lower extremity motion. The course consists of a sequence of lectures devoted to specialized topics, namely: musculoskeletal system, development of mechanically equivalent models of human joint systems, two- and three-dimensional kinematics and Lagrangian dynamics, Newtonian mechanics, and selected numerical techniques. (Paper and project). Credit 3. (2-2).

881 BIOM, Advances in Orthopaedic Biomechanics. Discussion will be devoted to state-of-the-art development, computer-aided preoperative planning, sports medicine, and rehabilitation. Topics will include recent advances in musculoskeletal biomechanics, fracture healing and bone remodeling, spinal surgery, joint replacement and implant design, joint degeneration and surgical reconstructive planning, knee mechanics, and sports rehabilitation. Credit 3 (3-0). [Equivalent to UM BIOM 7331/8331].

886 BIOM, Advanced Biomaterials. Materials used in biomedical applications in relationship to corrosion, crack propagation, creep, and related topics; tissue ingrowth into materials. Credit 3 (3-0). [Equivalent to UM BIOM 7432/8432].

889 BIOM, Biomechanics II. Mechanics of body movement, the stress and strain in tissues and organs, the strength, trauma, and tolerance limits of organs; and growth and change of living organs in response to stress and strain. Credit 3 (3-0). [Equivalent to UM BIOM 7311/8311].

890 BIOM, Nervous System Function. The function of the nervous system with specific emphasis on applications in biomedical engineering. Topics include information handling, effector mechanics, and control systems. Credit 3 (3-0). [Equivalent to UM BIOM 7210/8210].

891 BIOM, Skeletal Tissue Mechanics. A conceptual framework of the field of the musculoskeletal system: the biomechanics of bone, structure and function of articular cartilage, ligaments and tendons, engineering design of biological materials, and structure and design of natural biomaterials to replace skeletal and other components. Prerequisite: MECH 3322 or approval of course instructor. Credit 3. [Equivalent to UM BIOM 7304/ 8304].

892 BIOM, Introduction to Chemical Sensors and Biosensors. Measurement techniques, recognition processes, application of chemical sensors and biosensors for analysis of real samples. Credit 3. [Equivalent to UM BIOM 6205].

893 BIOM, Advanced Imaging Techniques. In-depth treatment of advanced techniques of image processing and system performance analysis applied to medical image systems. Selected topics may include systematic corrections for digital image acquisition, image reconstruction in the presence of noise, feature enhancement techniques, computed tomography algorithms, and analysis of system/reader performance in diagnostic imaging. Credit 3. [Equivalent to UM BIOM 7506/8506].

894 BIOM, Physiological Control Systems. Modeling, representation, analysis, and design of analog and digital feedback control systems, using control theory techniques. Applications will be modeling and control problems in cellular and general physiology. Credit 3. [Equivalent to UM BIOM 7105/8501].

895 BIOM, Cell Adhesion. The course will focus on the role of cell adhesion in leukocyte trafficking, inflammation, and metastasis. Emphasis will be placed on the biological and physical aspects of cell adhesion. The past and potential uses of engineering techniques to study cell adhesion will be discussed. Credit 3. [Equivalent to UM BIOM 7460/8460].

900 BIOM, Doctoral Dissertation and Research. Research performed under the direction of the student’s Research Advisor in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Ph.D. degree. Fall and Spring Semesters. Credit and hours by arrangement.

909 BIOM, Special Topics in Biomedical Engineering. Courses using this number present in-depth development of frontier topics of Biomedical Engineering by eminent researchers in their fields. Course material will be appropriate as background for doctoral research. Particular descriptions are contained in semester course offerings. Admission by permission of the instructor. Credit 3. [Equivalent to UM BIOM 8900/8920].

Program in Dental Science

The Master of Dental Science is designed to provide a contemporary research experience in the areas of orally related sciences to dentists enrolled in the clinical specialty programs of the College of Dentistry. The course and research requirements of the Master of Dental Science should provide individuals with both a traditional and contemporary knowledge of the role of research in the clinical management of orofacial abnormalities and diseases. The goal of the program is to train dental specialists to pursue several career possibilities, including specialty practice, research, or teaching, with the increased knowledge of the interrelationship among clinical dentistry, basic science, and research. The program is offered in four concentration areas: orthodontics, pediatric dentistry, periodontology, and prosthodontics. Additionally, degree training can be arranged for those pursuing a clinical certificate in pediatric dentistry.

Orthodontics

The graduate program in orthodontics at the University of Tennessee Health Science Center begins each August and continues for 33 consecutive months with graduation in May. Not more than four students are selected for matriculation each year. This program provides intensive instruction and training in the biological and clinical sciences related to orthodontics. The course of instruction is designed to satisfy all requirements for eligibility for licensure as a specialist, the specialty board in orthodontics, and the Master of Dental Science degree. Students admitted to the program are expected to demonstrate clinical proficiency in orthodontics and complete a thesis that is based on original research, demonstrates individual thought, and is of substantive literary and scientific merit. The program, fully accredited by the American Dental Association, is well rounded and provides balanced training in clinical orthodontics, the basic sciences, and research.

First-year curriculum.

600 DSCI, Head and Neck Anatomy. Detailed study of anatomic structures fundamental to dental specialty training, principally through prosections and dissections. Emphasis is on functional (rather than architectural) relationships as they relate to growth, development, and clinical treatment. Included are lectures on osteology of the skull, innervation and blood supply of the face, muscles of facial expression and mastication, and anatomy of the oral cavity. Spring. Credit 2.

610 DSCI, Graduate Oral Biology. This course provides the students in specialty programs with an expanded knowledge of physiological and biochemical principles concerning oral function. Topics are selected to develop an awareness of the oral environment as an integral part of a unit of function. Lectures are concerned with respiration, speech, deglutition, mastication, neurophysiology, bone and joint physiology, and kinesiology, particularly with regard to oral applications. Spring. Credit 1.

653 DSCI, Human Growth and Development. This course provides an overview of the events of human growth and the analytic approaches used to study growth, particularly from birth to adulthood. Discussions center around the nature of growth, mechanisms of growth, general body development, and genetic and environmental influences on growth. Emphasis is given to the head and neck region. Spring. Credit 1.

659 DSCI, Radiology and Cephalometrics. The course provides a thorough understanding of craniofacial radiographic techniques with emphasis on cephalometric roentgenography. The course is designed to acquaint the student with the use of radiographs, radiation hygiene, radiographic evidence of pathology, and cephalometric techniques to assure proficiency in technical skills and in interpretation as needed for diagnostic procedures. This course consists of lecture and laboratory instruction. Fall. Credit 2.

655 ORTH, Clinical Specialty Seminars I. This course is a companion to clinical training in orthodontics and involves faculty and student evaluations of historically significant as well as contemporary orthodontic literature. All of the current research articles in the key journals in orthodontics are reviewed as they are published. Key historical literature is presented in lecture format by the graduate students based on readings compiled by the faculty. The students are also exposed to the historical development of orthodontics, additional treatment philosophies through guest speakers, and new developments in treatment. Fall. Credit 1.

667 ORTH, Clinical Specialty Seminars II. This course is a companion to clinical training in orthodontics and involves faculty and student evaluations of historically significant as well as contemporary orthodontic literature. All of the current research articles in the key journals in orthodontics are reviewed as they are published. Key historical literature is presented in lecture format by the graduate students based on readings compiled by the faculty. The students are also exposed to the historical development of orthodontics, additional treatment philosophies through guest speakers, and new developments in treatment. Spring. Credit 1.

785 ORTH, Scientific Writing: Thesis Protocol. The theory and practice of preparing a sound protocol preparatory to thesis-level research is discussed in detail. Various research designs are discussed. Additionally, style and content of a grant proposal are reviewed. Fall. Credit 1.

840 ORTH, Special Topics. Directed readings or special course in topics of current interest. Credit variable 1-5.

856 ORTH, Craniofacial Anomalies. The orthodontic graduate student must be trained to deal with and to competently treat patients who present with various skeletal and dental anomalies. This course’s purpose is to cover the literature on the various syndromes and developmental anomalies that affect the teeth and the face. Visiting lecturers from across the spectrum of healthcare delivery address the class and explain the intricacies of dealing with these problems from the perspective of their respective specialty. Credit 1.

857 ORTH, TMD and Occlusal Concepts. Orthodontic treatment has many ramifications for the stomatognathic system. The temporomandibular joint depends on proper occlusion for health and function. This course requires the student to read the appropriate literature, understand the intricacies of the interrelationship of the occlusion and the TMJ, and apply these principles to the correction of orthodontic malocclusion. Credit 1.

858 ORTH, Orthodontic History and Ethics. This course is an introduction to the history of the development of the specialty of orthodontics, with an emphasis on the personalities involved in the development and evolution of the specialty. There are also ethical dilemmas in orthodontics that are discussed and studied. Credit 1.

811 BIOE, Biostatistics for the Health Sciences I. The first semester material includes descriptive statistics, estimation, and one and two sample hypothesis testing, including paired and unpaired situations. Instruction includes assisting the student attain mastery-level skill in data entry and use of SAS software system for statistical analysis of data. Fall. Credit 3.

Second-year curriculum.

705 DSCI, Advanced Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology. A course on pathology of the jaws and contiguous soft tissues and their relationship to systemic disease. Special emphasis is placed on developing a logical approach to clinical, roentgenographic, and histopathologic diagnosis; the relationships between local and systemic disease; and consideration for appropriate treatment. Fall. Credit 1.

717 DSCI, Orthodontics-Periodontics Seminar. This seminar course is conducted by members of the Orthodontics and Periodontology faculties. Included are lectures on the interrelationships of orthodontic and periodontic approaches to common treatment situations. Emphasis is placed on the basic science mechanisms underlying periodontic and orthodontic therapies. Selected literature of common interest to the students of Orthodontics and Periodontics is reviewed. Graduate students present cases for diagnosis and treatment planning as well as cases treated in an interdisciplinary manner. The purpose of this seminar is to encourage greater interaction and understanding between orthodontist and periodontist, including the identification of patients to be treated jointly by graduate students in orthodontics and periodontics. Fall. Credit 1.

711 LBC, Effective Oral Communication Skills. Skills in oral presentation of scientific data are developed through student reports from the appropriate literature with evaluation of performance emphasizing improvements in communication skills. Each student will make two presentations, which are videotaped and critiqued by the class and instructors. Preparation of effective visuals is required as part of each presentation. Spring. Credit 1.

755 ORTH, Craniofacial Growth. Topics in growth malformations and dysplasias are presented. The etiology, presentation, differential diagnosis, and orthodontic treatment of comparatively common pharyngeal arch syndromes and sequences are described, with extended discussion of cleft lip and palate. Fall. Credit 1.

762 ORTH, Biomaterials for Orthodontics. This course provides the student with a basic knowledge of the materials used in orthodontics. New developments in materials science and their relationships to the properties of materials important for orthodontic use are reviewed. The course requires successful completion of a research project and reporting this project in a formal report. Fall. Credit 1.

767 ORTH, Clinical Specialty Seminars III. This course is a companion to clinical training in orthodontics and involves faculty and student evaluations of historically significant as well as contemporary orthodontic literature. All of the current research articles in the key journals in orthodontics are reviewed as they are published. Key historical literature is presented in lecture format by the graduate students based on readings compiled by the faculty. The students are also exposed to the historical development of orthodontics, additional treatment philosophies through guest speakers, and new developments in treatment. Fall. Credit 1.

768 ORTH, Clinical Specialty Seminars IV. This course is a companion to clinical training in orthodontics and involves faculty and student evaluations of historically significant as well as contemporary orthodontic literature. All of the current research articles in the key journals in orthodontics are reviewed as they are published. Key historical literature is presented in lecture format by the graduate students based on readings compiled by the faculty. The students are also exposed to the historical development of orthodontics, additional treatment philosophies through guest speakers, and new developments in treatment. Spring. Credit 1.

786 ORTH, Scientific Writing: Thesis. The theory and practice of writing a scientifically based thesis are presented. The purpose, structure, and style of all the parts of a thesis are described. The practical application of this series of lectures is the development of the student’s thesis. Fall. Credit 1.

789 ORTH, Independent Research. This course encompasses the activities necessary to conduct an original research project pertinent to the general field of craniofacial biology or the specific discipline of orthodontics. It involves the development of a problem, the writing of a formal research proposal including a full literature review, 225 statement of material and methods, and the execution of the research and appropriate analysis and interpretation of data. Spring. Credit 4.

840 ORTH, Special Topics. Directed readings or special course in topics of current interest. Credit variable 1-5.

895 ORTH, Independent Research. This course involves performance of an original research project leading to completion of the MS thesis. Fall. Credit 4.

896 ORTH, Independent Research. This course encompasses the activities necessary to conduct an original research project pertinent to the general field of craniofacial biology or the specific discipline of orthodontics. It involves the development of a problem, the writing of a formal research proposal including a full literature review, statement of material and methods, and the execution of the research and appropriate analysis and interpretation of data. Spring. Credit 8.

Third-year curriculum.

800 DSCI, Thesis. Upon achieving candidate status, this course must be elected. The preparation of the thesis is finalized, the results presented, and the oral defense is conducted under this course number. Fall. Credit by arrangement.

840 ORTH, Special Topics. Directed readings or special course in topics of current interest. Credit variable 1-5.

867 ORTH, Clinical Specialty Seminars V. This course is a companion to clinical training in orthodontics and involves faculty and student evaluations of historically significant as well as contemporary orthodontic literature. All of the current research articles in the key journals in orthodontics are reviewed as they are published. Key historical literature is presented in lecture format by the graduate students based on readings compiled by the faculty. The students are also exposed to the historical development of orthodontics, additional treatment philosophies through guest speakers, and new developments in treatment. Fall. Credit 1.

868 ORTH, Clinical Specialty Seminars VI. This course is a companion to clinical training in orthodontics and involves faculty and student evaluations of historically significant as well as contemporary orthodontic literature. All of the current research articles in the key journals in orthodontics are reviewed as they are published. Key historical literature is presented in lecture format by the graduate students based on readings compiled by the faculty. The students are also exposed to the historical development of orthodontics, additional treatment philosophies through guest speakers, and new developments in treatment. Spring. Credit 1.

888 ORTH, Scientific Writing: The Journal Article. In this course students receive instruction on writing a research article and preparing the manuscript for submission to a professional journal. Topics to be covered include essential tools for scientific writing, the structural components of a journal article, writing techniques, design of tables and illustrations, critical and editorial scrutiny of the manuscript, and the journal publishing process. The prerequisite includes possession of a recently completed research project conducted in-residence (i.e., the graduate student’s thesis) and judged by the supervising faculty member to be worthy of publication. The completed, publishable manuscript becomes an appendix to the student’s thesis. Spring. Credit 1.

Pediatric Dentistry

For students who successfully complete the 24-month clinical program in pediatric dentistry and are interested in additional research training, a third year of full-time study (12 months) is available leading to a Master of Dental Science degree. The degree is awarded by the College of Graduate Health Sciences on completion of an original research project together with a written thesis. Although the student will maintain clinical skills through active patient care during this time, the third year of study emphasizes gaining experience in research methodologies and interdisciplinary research activities. Students wishing to pursue the Master of Dental Science degree must inform the department chair at the beginning of the second year of postdoctoral studies.

First-year curriculum.

603 DSCI, Biostatistics. This course in biostatistics is designed to introduce the student to widely used methods for the analysis of experimental and observational data with orientation toward statistical inference from dental research. Fall. Credit 1.

653 DSCI, Human Growth and Development. This course provides an overview of the events of human growth and the analytic approaches used to study growth, particularly from birth to adulthood. Discussions center around the nature of growth, mechanisms of growth, general body development, and genetic and environmental influences on growth. Emphasis is given to the head and neck region. Spring. Credit 1.

654 DSCI, Craniofacial Growth. Emphasis is placed on exploring the qualitative, quantitative, and integrative changes that take place in the morphogenetic complexes 227 of the skull during craniofacial growth and development and the development of the occlusion. Descriptions of normal growth are followed by assessments of genetic and chromosomal effects on growth, including reviews of common pharyngeal arch syndromes-with extended discussion of cleft lip and palate. A discourse on the hypothesized mechanisms controlling bone and facial growth is provided. Spring. Credit 1.

659 DSCI, Radiology and Cephalometrics. The course provides a thorough understanding of craniofacial radiographic techniques with emphasis on cephalometric roentgenography. The course is designed to acquaint the student with the use of radiographs, radiation hygiene, radiographic evidence of pathology, and cephalometric techniques to assure proficiency in technical skills and in interpretation as needed for diagnostic procedures. This course consists of lecture and laboratory instruction. Fall. Credit 2.

705 DSCI, Advanced Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology. A course on pathology of the jaws and contiguous soft tissues and their relationship to systemic disease. Special emphasis is placed on developing a logical approach to clinical, roentgenographic, and histopathologic diagnosis; the relationships between local and systemic disease; and consideration for appropriate treatment. Fall. Credit 1.

709 DSCI, Pharmacology. Recent advances in pharmacology, particularly as related to the dental specialist, are discussed in this course. Spring. Credit 1.

713 DSCI, Microbiology and Immunology. This lecture and seminar course is conducted with the assistance of basic science faculty members with expertise in the areas of microbiology, allergy, and immunology. Included are lectures on classification, morphology, Gram staining, attachment, structure, culture, metabolism, identification and colonization of microorganisms, periodontopathic bacteria, bacterial metabolism, virulence factors, and attachment mechanisms. Host defense presentations include lectures on T and B cells, antigens, mitogens, antibody-mediated reactions, complement, humoral and cell mediated interactions, cytokines, laboratory immunologic assays and their clinical significance. Fall. Credit 1.

622 PEDI, Dental Pediatrics I. The course entails discussions pertaining to the physical, craniofacial, and oral development of the child. Fluoride therapy and childhood injury and prevention are presented. The student is also introduced to hospital and medical emergency protocol. Fall. Credit 1.

623 PEDI, Dental Pediatrics II. This course entails discussions pertaining to the emotional, cognitive, language, and social changes in the maturing child. Theory regarding nonpharmacologic behavior management is introduced. Spring. Credit 1.

635 PEDI, Pediatric Dental Research I. The student is required to complete a research project in the field of pediatric dentistry and write a publishable research paper prior to 228 program graduation. This course teaches the theory and practice of investigative research studies including methods for designing experiments, evaluating experimental data, and writing a research proposal. Fall. Credit 1.

636 PEDI, Pediatric Dental Research II. This course encompasses the activities necessary to write a formal research proposal including a full literature review, statement of material and methods, appropriate data analysis techniques, and associated resource requirements. Spring. Credit 1.

646 PEDI, Literature Review I. The literature review is designed to keep the postdoctoral student familiar with the current scientific literature as well as to prepare the individuals for board certification. Topics which are addressed include physical, psychological and social child development, behavior management, infant oral health, prevention of oral disease and trauma, histophysiology of pulp and oral disease, pain and anxiety control, dental materials, management of the developing dentition, management of the medically compromised patient, trauma, and medical ethics. Fall. Credit 2.

647 PEDI, Literature Review II. The literature review is designed to keep the postdoctoral student familiar with the current scientific literature as well as to prepare the individuals for board certification. Topics which are addressed include physical, psychological and social child development, behavior management, infant oral health, prevention of oral disease and trauma, histophysiology of pulp and oral disease, pain and anxiety control, dental materials, management of the developing dentition, management of the medically compromised patient, trauma, and medical ethics. Spring. Credit 2.

648 PEDI, Case Presentation and Analysis I. The student presents patient clinical examination records, models, radiographs, and other diagnostic aids utilized to form a diagnosis and treatment plan. The diagnosis and treatment plan are presented to faculty and colleagues for critical review and analysis. Fall. Credit 1.

649 PEDI, Case Presentation and Analysis II. The student presents patient clinical examination records, models, radiographs, and other diagnostic aids utilized to form a diagnosis and treatment plan. The diagnosis and treatment plan are presented to faculty and colleagues for critical review and analysis. Spring. Credit 1.

840 PEDI, Special Topics. Directed readings or special course in topics of current interest. Credit variable 1-5.

Second-year curriculum.

722 PEDI, Dental Pediatrics III. The course entails discussions pertaining to the physically and mentally disabled patient and/or associated craniofacial syndromes. Indications and preparation for pharmacologic behavior management are introduced. Fall. Credit 1.

723 PEDI, Dental Pediatrics IV. Recognition of infection, differential diagnosis for disease and treatment of infectious diseases, pediatric dental techniques and appliances for physical tissue destruction, and nutrition are presented. Spring. Credit 1.

735 PEDI, Pediatric Dental Research III. This course encompasses the activities necessary to conduct a formal research investigation in the field of pediatric dentistry and prepare a publishable paper based on the findings of the investigation. Fall. Credit 2.

736 PEDI, Pediatric Dental Research IV. This course encompasses the activities necessary to complete a formal research investigation in the field of pediatric dentistry and prepare a publishable paper based on the findings of the investigation. Spring. Credit 2.

746 PEDI, Literature Review III. The literature review is designed to keep the postdoctoral student familiar with the current scientific literature as well as to prepare the individuals for board certification. Topics which are addressed include physical, psychological and social child development, behavior management, infant oral health, prevention of oral disease and trauma, histophysiology of pulp and oral disease, pain and anxiety control, dental materials, management of the developing dentition, management of the medically compromised patient, trauma, and medical ethics. Fall. Credit 2.

747 PEDI, Literature Review IV. The literature review is designed to keep the postdoctoral student familiar with the current scientific literature as well as to prepare the individuals for board certification. Topics which are addressed include physical, psychological and social child development, behavior management, infant oral health, prevention of oral disease and trauma, histophysiology of pulp and oral disease, pain and anxiety control, dental materials, management of the developing dentition, management of the medically compromised patient, trauma, and medical ethics. Spring. Credit 2.

748 PEDI, Case Presentation and Analysis III. The student presents patient clinical examination records, models, radiographs, and other diagnostic aids utilized to form a diagnosis and treatment plan. The diagnosis and treatment plan are presented to faculty and colleagues for critical review and analysis. Fall. Credit 1.

749 PEDI, Case Presentation and Analysis IV. The student presents patient clinical examination records, models, radiographs, and other diagnostic aids utilized to form a diagnosis and treatment plan. The diagnosis and treatment plan are presented to faculty and colleagues for critical review and analysis. Spring. Credit 1.

840 PEDI, Special Topics. Directed readings or special course in topics of current interest. Credit variable 1-5.

Third-year curriculum.

602 DSCI, Oral Embryology and Histology. A study of the embryogenesis of tissues, organs, and structures of the craniofacial region. This includes the developmental history of the facial region, derivatives of the pharyngeal arches, the chondrocranium and its derivatives, development of the teeth, histogenesis and structure of craniofacial joints, and development of the neuromuscular system. The periodontium, oral mucosa, and tongue are covered in this course as well. Fall. Credit 1.

610 DSCI, Graduate Oral Biology. This course provides the students in specialty programs with an expanded knowledge of physiological and biochemical principles concerning oral function. Topics are selected to develop an awareness of the oral environment as an integral part of a unit of function. Lectures are concerned with respiration, speech, deglutition, mastication, neurophysiology, bone and joint physiology, and kinesiology, particularly with regard to oral applications. Spring. Credit 1.

800 DSCI, Thesis. Upon achieving candidate status, this course must be elected. The preparation of the thesis is finalized, the results presented, and the oral defense is conducted under this course number. Spring. Credit by arrangement.

835 PEDI, Pediatric Dental Research V. This course encompasses the activities necessary to conduct a formal research investigation in the field of pediatric dentistry and prepare a publishable paper based on the findings of the investigation. Fall. Credit 4.

840 PEDI, Special Topics. Directed readings or special course in topics of current interest. Credit variable 1-5.

Periodontics

Consistent with the expanding scope and knowledge in periodontics and the accreditation requirements of the American Academy of Periodontology and American Dental Association, the course of study leading to a certificate of proficiency in periodontics and a Master of Dental Science degree extends over 36 months. The curriculum has been designed to relate basic science principles to the practice of periodontics. The program emphasizes clinical application, with significant didactic and research activity maintained over the 36 months. The research areas available for study include the broad expanse of both clinical and basic science approaches to improving the understanding of periodontal pathobiology. In general, clinical certification is not awarded until the student has fulfilled the requirements of the College of Graduate Health Sciences for the Master of Dental Science degree. Two students are accepted each year for admission and matriculation in July. Stipend support is available.

First-year curriculum.

600 DSCI, Head and Neck Anatomy. Detailed study of anatomic structures fundamental to dental specialty training, principally through prosections and dissections. Emphasis is on functional (rather than architectural) relationships as they relate to growth, development, and clinical treatment. Included are lectures on osteology of the skull, innervation and blood supply of the face, muscles of facial expression and mastication, and anatomy of the oral cavity. Fall. Credit 2.

602 DSCI, Oral Embryology and Histology. A study of the embryogenesis of tissues, organs, and structures of the craniofacial region. This includes the developmental history of the facial region, derivatives of the pharyngeal arches, the chondrocranium and its derivatives, development of the teeth, histogenesis and structure of craniofacial joints, and development of the neuromuscular system. The periodontium, oral mucosa, and tongue are covered in this course as well. Fall. Credit 1.

603 DSCI, Biostatistics. This course in biostatistics is designed to introduce the student to widely used methods for the analysis of experimental and observational data with orientation toward statistical inference from dental research. Fall. Credit 1.

610 DSCI, Graduate Oral Biology. This course provides the graduate student with an expanded knowledge of physiological and biochemical principles in and about oral function. Topics are selected to develop an awareness of the oral environment as an integral part of a whole unit of function. Lectures are concerned with respiration, speech, deglutition, mastication, neurophysiology, bone and joint physiology, and kinesiology particularly with regard to oral applications. Spring. Credit 1.

709 DSCI, Pharmacology. Recent advances in pharmacology, particularly as related to the dental specialist, are discussed in this course. Spring, alternate years. Credit 1.

713 DSCI, Microbiology and Immunology. This lecture and seminar course is conducted with the assistance of basic science faculty members with expertise in the areas of microbiology, allergy, and immunology. Included are lectures on classification, morphology, Gram staining, attachment, structure, culture, metabolism, identification and colonization of microorganisms, periodontopathic bacteria, bacterial metabolism, virulence factors, and attachment mechanisms. Host defense presentations include lectures on T and B cells, antigens, mitogens, antibody-mediated reactions, complement, humoral and cell mediated interactions, cytokines, laboratory immunologic assays and their clinical significance. Fall, alternate years. Credit 1.

604 PERI, Experimental Design. This course is an introduction to research, including methods of designing experiments and evaluating experimental data. Spring. Credit 1.

614 PERI, Research in Periodontal Pathobiology I. This course will provide each first-year student with the opportunity to engage in periodontally related research for 4 hours per week during the fall semester. It may include both clinical and laboratory research. Each student will be assigned a research mentor who is trained and experienced in research methodologies and writing of scientific papers. Instruction will be given by appropriate faculty members on an individualized basis. Student activities will include research of relevant literature, writing of appropriate literature reviews, hands-on research, gathering and analysis of data, interpretation of results, drawing conclusions, and writing papers appropriate for publication. Fall. Credit 2.

615 PERI, Research in Periodontal Pathobiology II. This course will provide each first-year student with the opportunity to engage in periodontally related research for 4 hours per week during the spring semester. It may include both clinical and laboratory research. Each student will be assigned a research mentor who is trained and experienced in research methodologies and writing of scientific papers. Instruction will be given by appropriate faculty members on an individualized basis. Student activities will include research of relevant literature, writing of appropriate literature reviews, hands-on research, gathering and analysis of data, interpretation of results, drawing conclusions, and writing papers appropriate for publication. Spring. Credit 2.

621 PERI, Introduction to Periodontal Pathobiology. This is an overview of periodontics in a combination textbook-literature-lecture-seminar format. Subject areas covered include periodontal anatomy and histology, etiology, and histopathology of periodontal diseases. Clinically related seminars include examination, diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment planning for the patient with periodontal disease. A variety of approaches to treatment, as well as the importance of supportive therapy for the treated patient, are emphasized. The interrelationship between basic sciences and the pathobiology of periodontal diseases is emphasized. Appropriate reading material from standard textbooks and the periodontal literature is assigned for each seminar period. Fall. Credit 3.

641 PERI, Topical Literature Review of Periodontology Seminar I. This seminar is conducted weekly throughout the first two years of the residency program under the direction of the postgraduate periodontics staff. The purpose of this seminar is exposure to classic and current scientific literature in various subject areas related to periodontal pathobiology, as well as written and verbal evaluation of the literature reviewed. Fall. Credit 4.

642 PERI, Topical Literature Review of Periodontology Seminar II. This seminar is conducted weekly throughout the first two years of the residency program under the direction of the postgraduate periodontics staff. The purpose of this seminar is exposure to classic and current scientific literature in various subject areas related to periodontal pathobiology, as well as written and verbal evaluation of the literature reviewed. Spring. Credit 4.

643 PERI, Review of Current Periodontology Literature Seminar I. This seminar is conducted weekly throughout the three-year residency period. Four of the major journals devoted to periodontics are reviewed selectively. Selected articles are also reviewed from other major journals. The purpose of this seminar is to provide experience in reading, abstracting, and evaluating the most recently published ideas and concepts in the field of periodontal biology. Fall. Credit 2.

644 PERI, Review of Current Periodontology Literature Seminar II. This seminar is conducted weekly throughout the three-year residency period. Four of the major journals devoted to periodontics are reviewed selectively. Selected articles are also reviewed from other major journals. The purpose of this seminar is to provide experience in reading, abstracting, and evaluating the most recently published ideas and concepts in the field of periodontal biology. Spring. Credit 2.

737 PERI, Lectures in Internal Medicine. This series of lectures-seminars is combined with a variable-length rotation in internal medicine to provide the resident with the opportunity to review with medical experts certain common medical conditions which may relate directly or indirectly to the severity and management of the patient’s periodontal condition. Included are presentations in transplant therapy, the pharmacologic management of the transplant patient, psychiatric conditions and their impact on management of the dental patient, hematologic considerations for the dental patient, management of the patient with a history of need for infective endocarditis prophylaxis, cardiovascular considerations in the management of the dental patient, endocrinologic consideration for the dental patient, management of the hypertensive dental patient, and anaphylaxis and drug reactions. Spring alternate years. Credit 1.

840 PERI, Special Topics. Directed readings or special course in topics of current interest. Credit variable 1-5.

Second-year curriculum.

705 DSCI, Advanced Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology. A course on pathology of the jaws and contiguous soft tissues and their relationship to systemic disease. Special emphasis is placed on developing a logical approach to clinical, roentgenographic, and histopathologic diagnosis; the relationships between local and systemic disease; and consideration for appropriate treatment. Fall. Credit 1.

717 DSCI, Orthodontics-Periodontics Seminar. This seminar course is conducted by members of the Orthodontics and Periodontology faculties. Included are lectures on the interrelationships of orthodontic and periodontic approaches to common treatment situations. Emphasis is placed on the basic science mechanisms underlying periodontic and orthodontic therapies. Selected literature of common interest to the students of Orthodontics and Periodontics is reviewed. Graduate students present cases for diagnosis and treatment planning as well as cases treated in an interdisciplinary manner. The purpose of this seminar is to encourage greater interaction and understanding between orthodontist and periodontist, including the identification of patients to be treated jointly by graduate students in orthodontics and periodontics. Fall. Credit 1.

714 PERI, Research in Periodontal Pathobiology III. This course will provide each second-year student with a continuing opportunity to engage in periodontally related research for 6 hours per week. It may include both clinical and laboratory research. Each student will be assigned a research mentor who is trained and experienced in research methodologies and writing of scientific papers. Instruction will be given by appropriate faculty members on an individualized basis. Student activities will include research of relevant literature, writing of appropriate literature reviews, hands-on research, gathering and analysis of data, interpretation of results, drawing conclusions, and writing papers appropriate for publication. Fall. Credit 3.

715 PERI, Research in Periodontal Pathobiology IV. This course will provide each second-year student with a continuing opportunity to engage in periodontally related research for 6 hours per week. It may include both clinical and laboratory research. Each student will be assigned a research mentor who is trained and experienced in research methodologies and writing of scientific papers. Instruction will be given by appropriate faculty members on an individualized basis. Student activities will include research of relevant literature, writing of appropriate literature reviews, hands-on research, gathering and analysis of data, interpretation of results, drawing conclusions, and writing papers appropriate for publication. Spring. Credit 3.

741 PERI, Topical Literature Review of Periodontology Seminar III. This seminar is conducted weekly throughout the first two years of the residency program under the direction of the postgraduate periodontics staff. The purpose of this seminar is exposure to classic and current scientific literature in various subject areas related to periodontal pathobiology, as well as written and verbal evaluation of the literature reviewed. Fall. Credit 4.

742 PERI, Topical Literature Review of Periodontology Seminar IV. This seminar is conducted weekly throughout the first two years of the residency program under the direction of the postgraduate periodontics staff. The purpose of this seminar is exposure to classic and current scientific literature in various subject areas related to periodontal pathobiology, as well as written and verbal evaluation of the literature reviewed. Spring. Credit 4.

743 PERI, Review of Current Periodontology Literature Seminar III. This seminar is conducted weekly throughout the three-year residency period. Four of the major journals devoted to periodontics are reviewed selectively. Selected articles are also reviewed from other major journals. The purpose of this seminar is to provide experience in reading, abstracting and evaluating the most recently published ideas and concepts in the field of periodontal biology. Fall. Credit 2.

744 PERI, Review of Current Periodontology Literature Seminar IV. This seminar is conducted weekly throughout the three-year residency period. Four of the major journals devoted to periodontics are reviewed selectively. Selected articles are also reviewed from other major journals. The purpose of this seminar is to provide experience 235 in reading, abstracting, and evaluating the most recently published ideas and concepts in the field of periodontal biology. Spring. Credit 1.

840 PERI, Special Topics. Directed readings or special course in topics of current interest. Credit variable 1-5.

Third-year curriculum.

800 DSCI, Thesis. Upon achieving candidate status, this course must be elected. The preparation of the thesis is finalized, the results presented, and the oral defense is conducted under this course number. Spring. Credit by arrangement.

814 PERI, Research in Periodontal Pathobiology V. This course will provide each third-year student with a continuing opportunity to engage in periodontally related research for 8 hours per week during the fall semester. It may include both clinical and laboratory research. Each student will be assigned a research mentor who is trained and experienced in research methodologies and writing of scientific papers. Instruction will be given by appropriate faculty members on an individualized basis. Student activities will include research of relevant literature, writing of appropriate literature reviews, hands-on research, gathering and analysis of data, interpretation of results, drawing conclusions, and writing papers appropriate for publication. Additionally, this research will be described in a thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of a Master of Dental Science degree. Fall. Credit 4.

815 PERI, Research in Periodontal Pathobiology VI. This course will provide each third-year student with a continuing opportunity to engage in periodontally related research for 8 hours per week during the spring semester. It may include both clinical and laboratory research. Each student will be assigned a research mentor who is trained and experienced in research methodologies and writing of scientific papers. Instruction will be given by appropriate faculty members on an individualized basis. Student activities will include research of relevant literature, writing of appropriate literature reviews, hands-on research, gathering and analysis of data, interpretation of results, drawing conclusions, and writing papers appropriate for publication. Additionally, this research will be described in a thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of a Master of Dental Science degree. Spring. Credit 4.

840 PERI, Special Topics. Directed readings or special course in topics of current interest. Credit variable 1-5.

843 PERI, Review of Current Periodontology Literature Seminar V. This seminar is conducted weekly throughout the three-year residency period. Four of the major journals devoted to periodontics are reviewed selectively. Selected articles are also reviewed from other major journals. The purpose of this seminar is to provide experience in reading, abstracting, and evaluating the most recently published ideas and concepts in the field of periodontal biology. Fall. Credit 2.

844 PERI, Review of Current Periodontology Literature Seminar VI. This seminar is conducted weekly throughout the three-year residency period. Four of the major journals devoted to periodontics are reviewed selectively. Selected articles are also reviewed from other major journals. The purpose of this seminar is to provide experience in reading, abstracting, and evaluating the most recently published ideas and concepts in the field of periodontal biology. Spring. Credit 2.

Prosthodontics

The Advanced Prosthodontic Program at the University of Tennessee Health Science Center begins each July and extends for 36 consecutive months with graduation in June. The program is well rounded and provides balanced instruction in clinical prosthodontics, laboratory technology, basic sciences, and research. Upon completion, a Certificate of Proficiency in prosthodontics and a Master of Dental Science degree are awarded. The program complies with standards established by the Commission on Dental Accreditation of the American Dental Association and qualifies students for examination by the American Board of Prosthodontics. The curriculum is consistent with the expanding scope of knowledge in prosthodontics as determined by the American College of Prosthodontists and the American Dental Association. In accordance with mandates set forth by the American Dental Association in the Accreditation Standards for Advanced Specialty Education Programs in Prosthodontics, all students are involved in original, independent research. This research displays a high level of scholarship and contributes to the existing fund of professional knowledge. Strong mentorship and state-of-the-art scientific resources are readily available in the Department of Restorative Dentistry’s clinical research facility, the College of Dentistry’s dental research center and dental materials core facilities, and the University’s College of Health Science Engineering. A Master of Dental Science degree is awarded by the College of Graduate Health Sciences upon fulfillment of all program requirements, completion of research, production and acceptance of a thesis, and successful public defense of the independent research effort. At present, one student is accepted into the Advanced Prosthodontics Program each year. A stipend is granted to each student in the program, commensurate with level of training and funding availability.

710 PROS, Prosthodontic Literature Seminar. This weekly seminar provides exposure to historically relevant, scientific literature in various subject areas associated with prosthodontics and related sciences. Periodic and critical abstracting of this literature is accomplished by seminar attendees in order to maintain a database of condensed, topic-oriented summaries. Students in the Advanced Prosthodontic Program participate in this seminar each semester of their three-year residency. Twenty-four broad topics pertinent to prosthodontics are covered on a rotational basis over a three-year period. Eight topics are covered during each year of the residency program. Seminars are led by the director of the Advanced Prosthodontic Program. Other members of the University of Tennessee Health Science Center faculty are invited to participate when their expertise with regard to the seminar topic is considered beneficial to the learning experience. Credit: 3.

711 PROS, Contemporary Evidence-Based Journal Club. Ongoing review of current, pertinent, professional literature is fundamental to the successful practice of prosthodontics. For postdoctoral students, knowledge of current professional literature is essential to developing theoretical and practical patient management skills. The assessment of current literature for its evidence-based value is critical. Journal Club provides a mechanism for surveying major dental periodicals to identify important articles, reviewing those articles, and discussing each article in an open seminar format. Twice weekly, one-hour seminars are conducted throughout the three-year program. This schedule is necessary to stay abreast of the ever-expanding volume of prosthodontic literature. Credit 2.

800 PROS, Thesis. This course provides opportunity for students to engage in research in prosthodontics and related sciences. Though involvement is arranged to suit individual needs, time commitment will be approximately 4 hours per week during each semester of the program. Students work with advisors experienced in research methodologies and scientific writing. Instruction is given by appropriate faculty on individual bases. Student activities include library research, writing a literature review, developing a research protocol, hands-on research, gathering and analyzing data, interpreting experimental results, developing conclusions, and publishing outcomes. Public defense of the research effort and publication of a thesis in accordance with regulations established by the College of Graduate Health Sciences are required. Research, public defense, and thesis accomplished during this course are in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Dental Science degree award by the UTHSC College of Graduate Health Sciences. Credit: variable.

Program in Epidemiology

Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of health and disease in populations. Its role has expanded over the past 20 years to involve all facets of health care, disease prevention, and health promotion. In addition to being the basic science of public health, epidemiology has emerged as an important discipline for nursing, allied health, and clinical medicine, especially in the managed-care environment.

The Master of Science program (36 credit hours minimum) is designed to provide the necessary methodological skills for students to be able to independently pursue epidemiological research in their chosen areas. As part of the program, students receive training in epidemiology, biostatistics, health research methods, and health behavior and promotion. The program is offered to qualified applicants holding a baccalaureate, master’s, or professional degree in a variety of disciplines, including physical, biological, and social sciences, health and medical sciences. The program emphasizes training current health professionals to develop and enhance their knowledge of epidemiology, research design, and data analysis skills. Students holding an advanced degree at the master’s or doctoral level may opt for a nonthesis track in which the student prepares a quantitatively based research article, approved by the student’s committee, which must be submitted for publication in a professional epidemiology-related, peer-reviewed journal. Track selection should be made by the end of a student’s first year in the program. Regardless of track, students present their thesis or submitted article in an announced forum with subsequent defense before the student’s committee.

Core Required of All Students (21 credit hours):

800 BIOE, Master’s Thesis and Research or 804 BIOE Master’s Project (6 credit hours)
813 BIOE, Fundamentals of SAS for Epidemiology (2 credit hours)
811 BIOE, Biostatistics for the Health Sciences I (3 credit hours)
812 BIOE, Fundamentals of Epidemiology (3 credit hours)
821 BIOE, Biostatistics for the Health Sciences II (3 credit hours)
822 BIOE, Advanced Epidemiology (4 credit hours)

Departmental Electives (12-15 credit hours):

810 BIOE, Independent Study (3 credit hours toward degree)
814 BIOE, Health Behavior Theory and Intervention Design (3 credit hours)
815 BIOE, Introduction to Public Health and Preventive Medicine (3 credit hours)
816 BIOE, Epidemiologic and Clinical Methods in Bone Assessment (3 credit hours)
817 BIOE, Epidemiology of Aging (3 credit hours)
818 BIOE, Mixed Linear Models in Epidemiology (3 credit hours)
819 BIOE, Master’s Seminar: Survival and Self-Reliance in the Computer Age

(1 credit hour) 823 BIOE, Randomized Clinical Trials (3 credit hours) 824 BIOE, Genetic Epidemiology: Methods and Applications (3 credit hours) 825 BIOE, Bioinformatics for Epidemiologists (1 credit hour) 826 BIOE, Women’s Health Seminar (3 credit hours) 831 BIOE, Measurement in Epidemiology (3 credit hours) 840 BIOE, Special Topics (credit variable, 1-5 credit hours) 851 BIOE, Introduction to Health Services Research (3 credit hours) 861 BIOE, Pharmacoepidemiology (3 credit hours) 862 BIOE, Advanced Categorical Data Analysis Techniques for Epidemiology

(3 credit hours)

714 BIOE, Special Topic: Public Health Leadership. Principles and practices of leadership within public health and community settings. Leadership and the core public health functions of assessment, policy development, and assurance. Enhancing communication, decision-making, team building, and conflict resolution skills. Leadership for planning process and organizational change. Review of case studies and skill building exercises. Prerequisites: Admission into Certificate Program of the Tennessee Consortium for Public Health Workforce Education or permission of the instructor. Credit 3 (3-0).

715 BIOE, Environmental Risk Assessment. This is an elective course in environmental risk assessments, applied to public health problems. Prerequisites: Admission into Certificate Program of the Tennessee Consortium for Public Health Workforce Education or permission of the instructor. Credit 4 (4-0).

716 BIOE, Zoonotic Diseases. This is an elective, web-based course in zoonotic diseases with focus on identification and description of zoonosis and prevention and control within public health. Prerequisites: Admission into Certificate Program of the Tennessee Consortium for Public Health Workforce Education or permission of the instructor. Credit 3 (3-0).

720 BIOE, Biostatistics for Public Health. This course provides an introduction to the use of statistical techniques in biomedical and public health research. The course will cover common descriptive statistics including the mean, median, and standard deviation as well as techniques for testing hypotheses (analysis of variance, t-tests, regression, nonparametric methods) and issues in sampling and design of experiments. The class will be taught using online methods and is open only for students enrolled in programs of the Tennessee Consortium for Public Health Workforce Education. Prerequisites: Admission into Certificate Program of the Tennessee Consortium for Public Health Workforce Education or permission of the instructor. Credit 3 (3-0).

722 BIOE, Principles of Epidemiology for Public Health Workforce Professionals.

The course introduces the basic principles and methods of epidemiology and demonstrates their applicability in the field of public health. Topics to be covered include the historical perspective of epidemiology, measures of disease occurrence and of association, clinical epidemiology, disease screening, causal inference, and study design. The class will be taught using online methods and is open only for students enrolled in programs of the Tennessee Consortium for Public Health Workforce Education. Prerequisites: Admission into Certificate Program of the Tennessee Consortium for Public Health Workforce Education or permission of the instructor. Credit 3 (3-0).

723 BIOE, Overview of Public Health. This course provides an introduction to public health concepts and practice by examining the philosophy, purpose, history, organization, functions, tools, activities, and results of public health practice at the national, state, and community levels. The course also addresses important health issues and problems facing the public health system. Case studies and a variety of practice-related exercises serve as a basis for learner participation in real world public health problem-solving simulations. The class will be taught using online methods and is open only for students enrolled in programs of the Tennessee Consortium for Public Health Workforce Education. Prerequisites: Admission into Certificate Program of the Tennessee Consortium for Public Health Workforce Education or permission of the instructor. Credit: 3 (3-0).

724 BIOE, Environmental Epidemiology/Occupational Epidemiology. This course introduces students to epidemiologic investigations of environmental health problems. Topics include both traditional and innovative subjects and strategies, such as the health effects associated with air and water contaminants, toxic waste sites, lead, and radiation, as well as environmental exposures that have received attention only recently, such as Agent Orange and electromagnetic fields. The course emphasizes epidemiologic methods, particularly exposure assessment, modeling, cluster analysis, and source of bias. Students gain experience in the critical review and design of related epidemiologic studies. The class will be taught using online methods and is open only for students enrolled in programs of the Tennessee Consortium for Public Health Workforce Education. Prerequisites: Admission into Certificate Program of the Tennessee Consortium for Public Health Workforce Education or permission of the instructor. Credit: 3 (3-0).

725 BIOE, Statistical Software for the Health Professional. Multiple computer software packages will be examined for their utility in health data analysis. Sample health data sets are analyzed using similar procedures from different packages. Strengths and weaknesses of the various packages are contrasted as they are applied to the needs of health data analysis. The class will be taught using online methods and is open only for students enrolled in programs of the Tennessee Consortium for Public Health Workforce Education. Prerequisites: Admission into Certificate Program of the Tennessee Consortium for Public Health Workforce Education or permission of the instructor. Credit: 3 (3-0).

726 BIOE, Advanced Epidemiology for Public Health Workforce Professionals.

The purpose of this course is to further develop the methodological concepts underlying the science of epidemiology. The material covered is intended to broaden and extend the student’s understanding of the elements of study design, data analysis, and inference in epidemiologic research, including issues related to causation, bias, and confounding. The primary aims of the course are to provide a working knowledge of the fundamentals of epidemiology as well as to serve as a foundation for more advanced study of epidemiologic methods with a strong emphasis on quantitative aspects. The course consists of online lectures and laboratories using statistical software. The workshop sessions are designed to reinforce the concepts/topics covered in the lectures. The class will be taught using online methods and is open only for students enrolled in programs of the Tennessee Consortium for Public Health Workforce Education. Prerequisites: Admission into Certificate Program of the Tennessee Consortium for Public Health Workforce Education or permission of the instructor. Credit 3.

800 BIOE, Master’s Thesis and Research. Credit and hours by arrangement.

804 BIOE, Master’s Project. Independent study in a community-health topic selected in conjunction with project advisor. Oral and written reports required, including oral presentation and defense of project. Course enrollment is restricted to those students in the Community Health track with project option for the MS in Epidemiology. Prerequisite: consent of the project advisor. Credit 6.

810 BIOE, Independent Study. An in-depth study of some aspect of epidemiology in which the student has special interest. Study is done independently with faculty approval and supervision. Prerequisite: Permission of instructor. Credit and hours by arrangement.

811 BIOE, Biostatistics for the Health Sciences I. The first semester material includes descriptive statistics, estimation, and one and two sample hypothesis testing, including 237 paired and unpaired situations. Instruction includes assisting the student attain masterylevel skill in data entry and use of SAS software system for statistical analysis of data. Fall. Credit 3.

812 BIOE, Fundamentals of Epidemiology. The course introduces the basic principles and methods of epidemiology and demonstrates their applicability in the field of public health. Topics to be covered include the historical perspective of epidemiology, measures of disease occurrence and of association, clinical epidemiology, disease screening, causal inference, and study design. Fall. Credit: 3 (3-0).

813 BIOE, Fundamentals of SAS for Epidemiology. This course provides the foundation computing skills for independent analysis of epidemiologic data. Topics to be covered include an introduction to SAS as a research tool; SAS programming concepts; data preparation for SAS; getting data into SAS from other programs; elementary SAS Data Step programming; combining datasets; an introduction to SAS procedures, especially those that produce descriptive statistics, perform simple inferential tests, or create datasets; recoding and labeling within SAS; handling character data; and advanced Data Step programming. The course includes a mandatory SAS computing laboratory. Limited to 12 students. Consent of instructor required. Fall. Credit: 2 (2-0).

814 BIOE, Health Behavior Theory and Intervention Design. Understanding health behavior and community approaches to health promotion is vital to designing public health interventions to reduce behavioral risk factors and to increase health care utilization. This course provides students the opportunity to learn major theories of individual behavior such as reasoned action, health belief models, and social learning, as well as community approaches such as media advocacy, social marketing, and community organization and to apply these theories to designing community interventions. Credit 3.

815 BIOE, Introduction to Public Health and Preventive Medicine. This course provides an overview of topics in the disciplines of public health and preventive medicine, and explores their common foundation in the science of epidemiology. Topics vary, but may include issues in world health; environmental and occupational medicine; structure and function of the public health system; community-based health promotion; clinical preventive services and evidence-based medicine; quality in clinical medicine; and physician behavior change. The course is conducted in a seminar format with student presentation of key topics. Prerequisites: BIOE 811 and BIOE 812, or consent of program director. Fall. Credit: 3 (3-0).

816 BIOE, Epidemiologic and Clinical Methods in Bone Assessment. This course provides the basic scientific principles necessary for proposing, evaluating, or undertaking research in the area of bone metabolism. Topics to be covered include the natural history of bone mass; fracture epidemiology and risk assessment; treatment and prevention of osteoporosis; basic principles of bone biology and mineral metabolism; methods of bone assessment including ultrasound, x-ray absorptiometry, quantitative 238 computed tomography, and magnetic resonance image for clinical and epidemiological research; and biochemical markers of bone metabolism. Also included will be in-depth discussion of quality assurance programs and data management issues pertinent for bone-related research protocols and clinical assessment of bone metabolism. Credit: 3 (3-0).

817 BIOE, Epidemiology of Aging. This course provides an epidemiological perspective on the health of older people in the American population. Major topics include population factors and trends related to aging, health risks and aging, and epidemiological research concepts and methods in aging. Credit 3 (3-0).

818 BIOE, Mixed Linear Models in Epidemiology. This course provides the advanced skills necessary for independent statistical analysis of epidemiologic and clinical data containing clustered observations and random effects. Topics to be covered include unrestricted and restricted maximum likelihood estimation, Akaike’s information criterion, standard general linear models, linear random effects models, linear covariance pattern models, and linear random coefficient models. The course focuses on applications requiring flexible modeling of variance and covariance structures for clustered data when observations from a common cluster are correlated. The approaches covered in the course are particularly relevant for analysis of hierarchical and longitudinal data having Gaussian distributed error. Prerequisites: BIOE 821 and BIOE 822. Credit 3 (30).

819 BIOE, Master’s Seminar: Survival and Self-Reliance in the Computer Age.

This introductory seminar will cover basic computer skills necessary for epidemiologic investigation and reporting. Topics covered will include reference procurement and management, data management, graphics and slide presentations, and statistical analysis. The student must own (or have access to) a computer. The course will be based on the Windows 95 operating system. The software demonstrated in the course will include Netscape Navigator, Microsoft Office (Excel and PowerPoint), Reference Manager 8; SAS, SPSS, and STATA. Fall. Credit 1.

821 BIOE, Biostatistics for the Health Sciences II. Second semester content pertains to methods of regression for observational and experimental data. Methods of analysis and hypothesis testing for three or more treatments are presented for various experimental designs and treatment combinations for normally distributed and ordinal data. Instruction includes helping the students attain mastery-level skill in programming with the SAS software system for statistical analysis of data. Spring. Credit 3.

822 BIOE, Advanced Epidemiology. This course provides the foundation skills for independent analysis of epidemiologic data. Topics to be covered include the analysis of vital statistics data, statistical analysis of simple epidemiologic measures, identification and control of confounding in epidemiologic data, model building using epidemiologic data, logistic regression, and proportional hazards modeling. At the end of the semester, students will be able to analyze data from matched and unmatched case-control studies, case-cohort studies, and traditional cohort designs. The course includes a mandatory statistical computing laboratory. Prerequisites: BIOE 811 and BIOE 812. Spring. Credit: 4 (3-2).

823 BIOE, Randomized Clinical Trials. This course will allow the student to understand and analyze the many critical facets of the most precise design for clinical studies in humans: randomized clinical trials. Using a case-based approach, students will learn the importance of precise hypothesis description, selection of an at risk cohort for study, and the power of randomization in helping balance the study groups on a number of known and unknown confounding factors. Important issues with regard to subject recruitment, patient management, and data quality control will be emphasized. Students will learn to perform their own sample size calculations and use actual statistical packages to outline real clinical trial results data. Prerequisites: BIOE 811 and BIOE

812. Credit: 3 (3-0).

824 BIOE, Genetic Epidemiology: Methods and Applications. This course provides the concepts and methods of genetic epidemiology that are relevant to studying the causes of complex human diseases and the impact of human genetic variation on disease prevention and treatment. The course includes methods of population- and family-based studies of genotype-phenotype associations; statistical techniques related to segregation analysis; linkage analysis and transmission disequilibrium test (TDT); approaches for assessing gene-gene and/or gene-environment interaction; and procedures for evaluating ethical, legal, and social issues, and public health implications of research and interventions. Emphasis is placed on distinguishing the appropriate applications, underlying assumptions, and reasonable interpretations of the methods presented. Prerequisites: BIOE 821 and BIOE 822 or their equivalents. Credit: 3 (3-0).

825 BIOE, Bioinformatics for Epidemiologists. This course describes concepts and methods in bioinformatics in application to the needs of an epidemiologist. After providing an overview of concepts in molecular biology, genetics, and molecular evolution, this course covers various methods of computational genetic analysis and available databases and software resources. Students learn about DNA and protein sequence analysis, gene mapping, phylogenetic analysis, molecular biology databases and software packages, expression data analysis, and protein analysis resourses. Prerequisites: BIOE 824 (Genetic Epidemiology: Methods and Applications). Credit: 1 (1-0).

826 BIOE, Women’s Health Seminar. This course will include review and discussion of recent trends and current topics in women’s health on the national scene. This information, along with an introduction to community diagnosis methods, will be used to prioritize women’s health issues of local interest for student projects. Students will analyze locally available data to conduct a community needs assessment in the area of women’s health in Memphis. Results of the analysis will be presented to the class in a podium-style presentation. Classroom discussion of the results of the analyses will culminate in creating of a plan for action steps and policy changes needed to improve the health of women in Memphis. The action steps and policy changes will be included in a written report suitable for publication. Credit: 3 (3-0).

831 BIOE, Measurement in Epidemiology. An introduction to measurement methods in epidemiology, including consideration of measurement error and accuracy, reliability and validity, and response rates. Prerequisites: BIOE 811 and BIOE 812. Fall. Credit: 3 (3-0).

840 BIOE, Special Topics. Directed readings or special course in topics of current interest. Credit variable 1-5.

851 BIOE, Introduction to Health Services Research. This course will review key research studies related to the delivery and financing of health care services. Topics to be studied will center on research topics that have had significant influence on national health care policy. These include the role of research in policy formulation, health care financing and cost control, health manpower planning, local variations in health care practice, physician payment systems, access to care, measuring quality of care, alternative delivery systems, and technology assessment. Emphasis will be on study methodology and on policy implications of research data. Prerequisites: Simultaneous registration in BIOE 812 or consent of course director. Credit: 3 (3-0).

861 BIOE, Pharmacoepidemiology. This course provides the fundamentals for studying the frequency and determinants of unintended, unexpected, and expected effects of drugs. Postmarketing studies of the patterns of medication utilization, cost-effectiveness analyses, and investigation of the distribution of diseases possibly amenable to medical intervention represent important additional themes. The course focuses on both theoretical principles and their practical application. Prerequisites: BIOE 811 and BIOE

812. Credit: 3 (3-0).

862 BIOE, Advanced Categorical Data Techniques for Epidemiology. This course begins by examining the sampling models and the associated distributions that are most closely identified with categorical data. Next are reviewed the most common chi-square tests and measure of association for standard contingency tables or sets of stratified contingency tables. The generalized linear model is introduced as the backbone for building models that focus on the estimation of effects, model inference, and model checking. Specific topics for the modeling of categorical data include logistic regression for dichotomous and polytomous response, conditional logistic regression, generalized estimating equations, and generalized linear mixed modeling for models with random effects. In addition, the course will explore loglinear modeling for count data and life estimation and Cox proportional hazards model for categorized time to event data. The relation of the various approaches and procedures using SAS will be demonstrated. The course focuses on application of the above approaches to observational and clinical trial data sets. Prerequisites: 812 BIOE (Fundamentals of Epidemiology) and 821 BIOE (Biostatistics for the Health Sciences II). 3 (3-0). Elective courses are also available from the University of Memphis.

Program in Health Science Administration

The Master of Science (M.S.) degree in Pharmaceutical Sciences (with a concentration in pharmacy administration) and the Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) degree programs in Health Science Administration develop skills and knowledge in evaluating the appropriate use of drugs, economic and epidemiological aspects of health care, and the outcomes of pharmaceutical care. Specific areas of research include studies of health-related quality of life; patient compliance, methods of education, disease state knowledge and satisfaction with care; pharmacist compensation and reimbursement; pharmacy services in a managed care environment; and the impact of educational changes and program models on pharmacist performance.

800 HSA, Master’s Thesis and Research. Research performed under the direction and supervision of the respective student’s advisor in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science. Fall and Spring. Credit variable.

801 HSA, Research in Health Science Administration. This course emphasizes the development and conduct of health science administration research. The course is required in conjunction with or prior to thesis/dissertation work. The goal is to assist students in acquiring a breadth of knowledge of theory, concepts, principles, processes, and skills necessary for the health science research endeavor. Students will use and build upon knowledge gained in prerequisite courses as they learn to carry out each step of the research process. The course will be taught in small group discussions using information available in the literature and research-based analysis. Prerequisites: Fundamentals of Epidemiology (BIOE 812) and Biostatistics for the Health Sciences I (BIOE 811), graduate student status, and permission of the faculty. Credit 3 (3-0).

810 HSA, Fundamentals of Health Care Systems and Policy. This course is designed to provide a comprehensive knowledge and understanding of the origin and functions of major themes in U.S. health care policy and health care delivery systems. Major topics include the assessment of population health, models of health care delivery, the current U.S. health care delivery and finance systems, and access and quality of care issues. The course will use a mix of Internet-based self-learning and classroom-based discussion groups. Credit: 3 (3-0).

811 HSA, Fundamentals of Health Policy. This course provides an introduction to the field of health policy, primarily in the United States. This survey course is taught through collaboration of the faculties of the colleges of Medicine, Nursing, Pharmacy, Allied Health Sciences, and Social Work to explore health policy issues from a multidisciplinary perspective. Students are expected to learn theories, methods, and skills needed for policy development and analysis and to apply those skills to selected health issues. Credit 3 (3-0).

812 HSA, Research Techniques in Pharmacoeconomics I. Minor projects in pharmacoeconomics for students whose interests and needs are not adequately met in other scheduled classes or in the masters or doctoral research program. Prerequisites are permission of the instructor. Fall and Spring. Credit variable.

813 HSA, Informatics for Health Science Administration. This course is designed to introduce the student to health informatics from a health science administration perspective. Basic concepts in informatics, information systems in healthcare, and Internet-enabled informatics will be presented. Spring. Credit 3 (3-0).

814 HSA, Research Methods in Pharmacoeconomics. This course develops theoretical knowledge and applied skills in designing and conducting research in pharmacoeconomics. Students will utilize and build upon knowledge gained in prerequisite courses as they learn to carry out each step of the research process. In 241 doing so, they will study textbooks and articles, present reports to the class in a seminar setting, and complete a number of assignments which, taken together, contribute to the experience of pharmacoeconomic research design and analysis. An important component of the course is developing an understanding of factors which, unless planned and accounted for, sometimes result in serious flaws in the research product. Drawing upon the fields of psychology, sociology, biostatistics, epidemiology, and economics, students will utilize theory in developing study hypotheses and designs, as well as reliable and valid measurement methods for the variables of interest. They will learn about working with data sets and working up results of studies. Fall. Credit 3 (3-0).

816 HSA, Applied Pharmacoeconomics I. This is the second in a two-course sequence and must be taken in sequence. These two coupled courses are an advanced study in economic principles and outcomes measures as applied to pharmacy and health care. The objective is to expand the student’s appreciation of the nature of applied economic evaluation and its relevance to health care decision-making and policy formulation through didactic lectures and case study analysis. Emphasis will be on the application of methodological principles of economic evaluation and appraisal of current concepts and research in pharmacoeconomics. The student will participate in the development, implementation, and evaluation of a group pharmacoeconomic project, which focuses on the evaluation of a defined economic problem in health care. Prerequisites: HSA 877, 878, 825, BIOE 812, 821, or permission of the instructor. Fall. Credit 2 (2-0).

822 HSA, Research Techniques in Pharmacoeconomics II. Advanced projects in pharmacoeconomics for students whose interests and needs are not adequately met in other scheduled classes or in the masters or doctoral research program. Prerequisites are permission of the instructor. Fall and Spring. Credit variable.

823 HSA, Health Care Marketing. This course is advanced study in marketing principles as applied to the delivery of health care. The objective is to expand the student’s appreciation of the nature of marketing and its relevance to health care decision making. Emphasis will be on the application of methodological principles of marketing research and appraisal of current concepts and research. The student will create and organize a project which focuses on the marketing of a health care program. Prerequisites: Marketing or permission of the instructor. Fall. Credit 3 (3 -0).

825 HSA, Strategies for Health Policy Formulation and Planning. This course focuses on the development of health care policy, issues which impact the formulation of health care policy, and the planning process. The objective is to enhance the student’s appreciation of the decision process in formulating health policy, the relationship of health policy development and health financing, the evaluation of current local, state, and national policy as related to health care. The student will evaluate current policy and develop alternatives to current policy. Prerequisites: Health Care Economics ECON 8/7710 (O of M); BIOE 812; or permission of the instructor. Fall. Credit 3 (3 - 0).

827 HSA, Applied Pharmacoeconomics II. This is the second in a two-course sequence and must be taken in sequence. These two coupled courses are an advanced study in economic principles and outcomes measures as applied to pharmacy and health care. The objective is to expand the student’s appreciation of the nature of applied economic evaluation and its relevance to health care decision-making and policy formulation through didactic lectures and case study analysis. Emphasis will be on the application of methodological principles of economic evaluation and appraisal of current concepts and research in pharmacoeconomics. The student will participate in the development, implementation, and evaluation of a group pharmacoeconomic project, which focuses on the evaluation of a defined economic problem in health care. Prerequisites: HSA 877, 878, 825, BIOE 812, 821, or permission of the instructor. Spring. Credit 3 (3-0).

828 HSA, Data Management for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research.

This course is designed to provide practical knowledge of the benefits and limitations of the application of statistical techniques as applied to the analysis of pharmacoeconomic and outcomes data through the actual use of SPSS, SAS, SYSTAT, EQS, Amos, and SUDAAN. The objective is to expand the student’s appreciation of the benefits and limitations of the various statistical software packages and build a firm base of practical experience with pharmacoeconomic and outcomes data analysis. Emphasis will be on the practical applied use of statistical software for the analysis of pharmacoeconomic and outcomes data. The student will learn how to select reliable and valid measurements, choose the appropriate program, use it correctly, and interpret the output. Students are encouraged to develop an analysis plan for their dissertation research projects as a part of the course final project. Prerequisites: BIOE 812, 821, HSA 877. Fall. Credit 2 (2-0).

829 HSA, Data Analysis Methods in Health Science Administration. Building upon the first research methods course (HSA 801), this course seeks to help students lay a solid foundation in their understanding of basic data analysis methods, develop basic quantitative analytical skills, understand the application of basic data and analysis methods, and develop a health skepticism toward the use of statistical techniques in research studies. Credit 3 (3-0).

840 HSA, Special Topics. Directed readings or special course in topics of current interest. Section 001: Pharmacoeconomics, Section 002: Health Policy, Section 003: Humanistic Outcomes, Section 004: Medication Management System, Section 005: Research Methods, Section 006: Technology Assessment, Section 007: Health Services Research. Credit variable 1-5.

850 HSA, Leadership Effectiveness in Health Care. This course focuses on identifying leadership traits; attributes of leaders; differences between leadership and management; identifying each student’s leadership style; small-group dynamics; and examining the literature of leadership. The course meets weekly for 2 hours in a seminar discussion.

Students will evaluate leadership case studies in health care, as well as the current literature of leadership. Self-assessment tools will be used to identify leadership preferences. Students will review and discuss empirically based studies from the leadership literature during each session. Prerequisites: graduate student status or permission of course director if professional degree student. Credit 2 (2-0).

870 HSA,* Managerial Epidemiology. This course provides an opportunity for the student to apply epidemiological methods and reasoning to health problems as well as health care managerial decisions. The course will enable the student to understand what is meant by epidemiology as the basic science for community health and health care management, provide information needed for disease prevention, treatment of 243 disease, and management of health systems that work to prevent and treat diseases. Emphasis will be on the evaluation and comprehension of health literature as related to epidemiology. Spring. Credit 3 (3-0).

871 HSA,** Law of Health Administration. The course undertakes a survey of the health care systems focusing on the four ultimate concerns: quality, cost, equitable access, and autonomy or personhood. Coverage includes professional liability, the relationship of physician and patient, reform of the tort system for medical injuries, health care institutions, and access to health care. The course should enhance sensitivity, not only to those needing health care, but also for the contributions, problems, and limitation of the disciplines and professional that formulate, contribute to, and administer medical care and health policy. A principle objective of the course is for students to acquire the ability to recognize, describe, discuss, and apply the significant issues in the law of health administration. Credit 3 (3-0). [Equivalent to UM HADM 7102].

872 HSA,** Health Planning and Marketing. The course exposes students to the theoretical aspects of health care marketing and strategic planning. Students become familiar with empirical techniques associated with marketing and planning. Skills in analyzing data, critically reviewing case studies, and making professional presentations are enhanced. Credit 3 (3-0). [Equivalent to UM HADM 7103].

873 HSA,** Health Administration (Finance). The course is designed as an overview of techniques for financial management in health care settings. The course blends theory and practices through lecture and case analysis to give students an opportunity to apply theory presented in class in practical examples of financial decisions faced by the manager in today’s health care market. Throughout the course, students are provided hands-on experience with computer spreadsheet programs. Credit 3 (3-0). [Equivalent to UM HADM 7104].

874 HSA,** Health Ethics. The course provides an introduction to ethical issues and decision-making models in health administration. Students will be introduced to a broad array of ethical theories and methodologies, including traditional normative approaches, descriptive ethical models, case-driven methods, and models based on social problemsolving. Emphasis will be placed on an understanding of the utility, strengths and weaknesses, and underlying logic of various models and theories in health administration. Credit 3 (3-0). [Equivalent to UM HADM 7107].

875 HSA,** Public Human Resources Administration. The course seeks to develop knowledge of the major components and emerging issues in personnel/human resources management (recruitment and selection, training and development, compensation and benefits, appraisal and career management, and labor relations). Students build an understanding of the public/political context of human resources management and become familiar with basic tools and techniques used in the practice of human resources management. Credit 3 (3-0). [Equivalent to UM POLS 7605].

876 HSA,** Public and Nonprofit Organizational Processes and Leadership. The course examines strategies for managing human resources for greater organizational productivity. Using an experiential participative format, the course emphasizes the knowledge of methods and techniques relevant to developing effectiveness in individuals, work teams, and organizations. Both theoretical and practical perspectives of organization behavior and human resources management will be emphasized Upon completion of the course, the student will possess critical understanding of the major theories that underpin the field of organization behavior and current strategies for increasing organization productivity. Credit 3 (3-0). [Equivalent to UM POLS 7633].

877 HSA,** Health Care Economics. The course is concerned with the economics of health care delivery. The main objectives are 1) to learn, understand, and appreciate the distinctive economic characteristics of the health service industry, 2) to analyze and evaluate, from the standpoint of economics, the American systems of health care financing and delivery, and 3) to discuss various current health reform issues such as health care costs, access to health care, health human resource surpluses and shortages, health laws and regulations, reimbursement methods, competitions, and alternative delivery systems. Credit 3 (3-0). [Equivalent to UM ECON 7710].

878 HSA, Advanced Health Economics. Microeconomics tools are applied to the study of key health care policy issues. Behavior and performance of the major health care institutions, hospitals, physicians, nursing homes, and the pharmaceutical industry are examined. Economic impacts and implications of key issues in health care are scrutinized. A working knowledge of basic microeconomics tools is required. Credit 3 (3-0).

879 HSA, Pharmacoeconomics I. This course is designed to provide students with the basic concepts and language of pharmacoeconomics. The course is divided into three sections. The first, Concepts of Pharmacoeconomics, introduces the principles, techniques, and methods of economic and humanistic outcomes assessment. The second, Assessment of Economic Outcomes, details the methodology of pharmacoeconomics. Specifically, it covers economic outcome evaluation techniques, with pertinent examples and problem exercises. Third, Assessment of Humanistic Outcomes, covers the methodologies for patient-based assessment, such as quality of life and patient satisfaction. Credit: 3 (3-0).

880 HSA, Health Systems Pharmacy Management I. This course is designed with emphasis in health systems pharmacy management. This course is the first in a twosemester sequence. The objective of this course is to provide the student with an indepth knowledge of the concepts, principles, processes, skills, and systems necessary for the leadership and management of a contemporary health system pharmacy practice. The course will be taught in small-group discussion using information available in the literature and case-based analysis. Credit: 3 (3-0).

891 HSA, Health Systems Pharmacy Management II. This course is designed with emphasis in health systems pharmacy management. This course is the second in a twosemester sequence. The objective of this course is to provide the student with an indepth knowledge of the concepts, principles, processes, skills, and systems necessary for the leadership and management of a contemporary health system pharmacy practice. The course will be taught in small-group discussion using information available in the literature and case-based analysis. Credit: 3 (3-0).

892 HSA, Health Policy and Politics. This course is designed to explore, assess, and evaluate, in depth, the major governmental and political forces that shape health care policy in the United States. These include the roles of the branches of the federal, state, and local governments; the media; and the public in placing issues on the policy agenda and in developing, implementing, and assessing public policy related to health care services and financing. The course will utilize case studies to exemplify key principles and as a basis to apply these principles to current and future health and health policy problems. Prerequisites: HSA 810 (Fundamentals of Health Care Systems and Policy) or permission of the instructor. Credit 3 (3-0).

900 HSA, Doctoral Dissertation and Research. Research performed under the direction and supervision of the respective student’s Research Advisor in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Fall and Spring Semesters. Credit variable.

919 HSA, Seminar. Topics of current interest in the field are selected and reviewed by the students for their peers and faculty. Presentations followed by general informal discussion. In certain circumstances, reports of current research may be made by students and faculty. Fall and Spring. Credit 1 (1-0).

*Course under development. **Course offered at the University of Memphis.

Program in Nursing

The purpose of the Doctoral Program in Nursing is to produce nursing research scientists and scholars. That purpose will be achieved through an educational program that emphasizes (1) developing and testing theories and models of nursing care; (2) clinical nursing research; and (3) social, political, legal, and economic implications of health care policies and practices. This is a cooperative program with the University of Tennessee, Knoxville.

Foreign language requirements: None.

840 NSG, Special Topics. Directed readings or special course in topics of current interest. Section 001: Chronic Health Issues, Section 002: Acute Health Issues, Section

003: Lifespan Issues. Credit variable 1-5.

900 NSG, Doctoral Dissertation. Research performed under the direction and supervision of the respective student’s faculty committee and resulting in a dissertation that meets the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Credit and hours by arrangement.

911 NSG, Philosophy of Science. A course focusing upon development of science in the Western world and epistemology. Ways of knowing and ways of thinking as they relate to the advancement of science will be covered. Credit 3 (3-0).

912 NSG, Theory Construction and Analysis. A course providing emphasis on the discovery of knowledge related to nursing and health care and the development of nursing theories. The course is aimed at assisting the student to develop the ability to evaluate existing knowledge critically and to engage in the use and creation of knowledge specifically applicable to nursing. Credit 3 (3-0).

913 NSG, Qualitative Research Methods. One of a series of courses designed to provide the student a firm grounding in research methodologies and approaches to data analysis and interpretation. Focuses on qualitative research methodology. Credit 3 (30). 919 NSG, Nursing Science Seminar. A seminar with student and faculty participation that focuses on current topics such as issues, trends, and research in nursing and nursing care delivery. Credit 1 (1-0).

923 NSG, Quantitative Research Methods. One of a series of courses designed to provide the student firm grounding in research methodologies and approaches to data analysis and interpretation. Focuses on quantitative research methodology. Credit 3 (30).

933 NSG, Research Seminar for Doctoral Students. A seminar with student and faculty participation, designed for intensive study of selected research topics. Credit 2 (2-0).

960 NSG, Directed Study. A course designed to provide the doctoral student with the opportunity to undertake additional guided study, research, and/or clinical experience in an area of the student’s choice under faculty supervision. Credit variable.

Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences

The Pharmaceutical Sciences Program offers both the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees, with an emphasis in either Medicinal Chemistry or Pharmaceutics. Specific areas of focus include the design and synthesis of organic compounds with potential therapeutic activity; exploration of the relationships between the chemical constitution and physicochemical properties of synthetic entities, and the pharmacodynamic response elicited by them; the design, formulation, and evaluation of novel drug delivery systems; and the disposition and pharmacokinetics of drugs and metabolites in model in vitro and in vivo systems.

Medicinal Chemistry

612 MEDC, Organic Medicinal Chemistry I. In addition to lectures attended jointly with professional students (Medicinal Chemistry 112, 122), advanced concepts are discussed in conference sessions, limited to graduate students. Prerequisite: Two semesters of organic chemistry or equivalent. Credit 4 (3-2).

622 MEDC, Organic Medicinal Chemistry II. Continuation of Medicinal Chemistry

I. Credit 4 (3-2).

800 MEDC, Master’s Thesis and Research. Research performed under the direction and supervision of the respective student’s Research Advisor, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science. Credit by arrangement.

812 MEDC, Advanced Medicinal Chemistry. This course will present concepts in medicinal chemistry with emphasis on application of these concepts to rational drug design. Classical and contemporary approaches to the design of small molecules for interaction with macromolecular targets such as receptors, enzymes, and DNA will be discussed. Spring on alternate years. Credit 3 (3-0).

813 MEDC, Research Techniques in Medicinal Chemistry. An introduction to current trends in the design and synthesis of potential medicinal agents. The course includes recent techniques applicable to the isolation and characterization of organic compounds, as well as contemporary methodology for the study and chemical and physical properties influencing biological response. The course content is tailored to the specific needs of students majoring in this field. Offered every other year. Credit 3 (1-6).

814 MEDC, Computer-Aided Molecular Design in the Development of Chemotherapeutic Agents I. This course is designed to teach students the essential elements of computer-aided drug design. It will cover (1) molecular models of small molecules, proteins, and nucleic acids and the validity of models created via computer of chemotherapeutic agents and/or lead drug agents; (2) use of protein and nucleic acid models in the development of lead drug agents; and (3) development of lead compounds or second-generation drugs using computational methodologies. Prerequisites: one year of organic chemistry (or equivalent), one semester of biochemistry (or equivalent), one year of calculus and/or physical chemistry (or equivalent), or permission of the instructor. Fall. Credit 3 (1-8).

816 MEDC, Bioorganic Chemistry and Drug Design. The focus of this course is determination of the detailed chemical mechanism of action of medicinal agents and how such information can be exploited for the iterative design of new agents with improved activities as well as bioorganic tools to answer remaining mechanistic questions. Concepts are reinforced through numerous specific examples taken from recent literature in medicinal and bioorganic chemistry. Offered Spring, alternating with MEDC 812. Credit 2 (2 0).

819 MEDC, Seminar in Medicinal Chemistry. Participation in the presentation and exhaustive discussion of topics directly or indirectly pertinent to medicinal chemistry. Each semester for two semesters. Credit 1 (1-0).

823 MEDC, Research Techniques in Medicinal Chemistry II. Continuation of 813 MEDC. Credit 3 (1-4).

824 MEDC, Computer-Aided Molecular Design in the Development of Chemotherapeutic Agents II. This course is a combined lecture and computer laboratory sequel to MEDC 814. It is designed for students to learn the essential elements of quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) modeling and its applications in therapeutic agent design and drug development. It will cover both traditional 2D QSAR methods comprising property-based and 2D molecular structure-based techniques, as well as more recent 3D molecular structure-based QSAR methods like comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) and comparative molecular similarity indices analysis (CoMSIA). The use of multivariate analysis methods such as multiple linear regression (MLR), partial least squares (PLS, artificial neural networks (ANN), and genetic algorithms in QSAR will also be covered. Prerequisite: MEDC 814 or permission of the instructor. Credit 3.

840 MEDC, Special Topics. Directed readings or special course in topics of current interest. Credit variable 1-5.

891 MEDC, Combinatorial Chemistry and Molecular Diversity in Drug Discovery.

This course is designed to teach students the essential elements of combinatorial chemistry and molecular diversity in drug discovery. It will cover (1) combinatorial and parallel synthesis techniques and instrumentation, (2) solid and solution phase library synthesis,

(3) molecular diversity, (4) computational aspects of combinatorial chemical drug design, and (5) high throughput screening of combinatorial libraries. Credit 3 (3-0).

900 MEDC, Doctoral Dissertation and Research. Research performed under the direction and supervision of the respective student’s advisor, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Credit by arrangement.

919 MEDC, Seminar in Medicinal Chemistry. Participation in the presentation and exhaustive discussion of topics directly or indirectly pertinent to medicinal chemistry. Each semester for three semesters. Credit 1 (1-0).

Pharmaceutics

620 PHAC, Principles of Quality Control and Regulatory Factors. Quality Control and Regulatory Factors as they relate to industrial pharmacy will be covered in detail. The course begins with a regulatory overview and the effect regulations have on pharmaceutical operations. All areas of quality control are addressed, including CGMPs, procedures, analysis, inspection, facilities, complaints, stability, and microbiology. In addition, the student will actually experience how these areas blend together through lecture tours. Automation, process control, statistics, and documentation will be demonstrated through actual working models. Credit 2 (2-0).

800 PHAC, Master’s Thesis and Research. Research performed under the direction and supervision of the respective student’s advisor. Credit and hours to be arranged.

810 PHAC, Research Techniques in Pharmaceutics. An introductory course designed to acquaint the beginner with the principal research techniques and procedures in the physical, chemical, and biological evaluation of therapeutic agents. Content is tailored to the specific needs of students majoring in this field. Credit and hours to be arranged 1-3.

812 PHAC, Research Techniques in Pharmaceutics. Continuation of 810 PHAC. Credit variable 1-3.

813 PHAC, Advanced Pharmacokinetics. This course will provide the student with the ability to derive differential and integral equations used in pharmacokinetic data analysis, understand the process of appropriate model selection, develop computer programs for data analysis, and interpret pharmacokinetic data from appropriately designed experiments. Prerequisites: One year of calculus (or equivalent), Biopharmaceutics - Pharmaceutical Sciences 211 (or equivalent) Pharmacokinetics Pharmaceutical Sciences 221 (or equivalent) or permission instructor. Fall in alternate years. Credit 4 (4-0).

814 PHAC, Parenteral Medications. Didactic instruction and laboratory exercises in the use of techniques in the management of problems associated with the preparation, production, and distribution of medicinal agents in parenteral dosage forms. Credit 2 (1-4).

816 PHAC, Physical-Chemical Interpretation of Drug Systems. An introduction to physicochemical principles encountered in pharmaceutical systems. Ionic equilibria and the study and quantitation of complex formation will be emphasized. Laboratory exercises will illustrate the use of concepts and calculations presented in the didactic part of the course. Credit 2 (2-0).

817 PHAC, Drug Metabolism. Fundamental principles underlying human drug metabolism and the major drug metabolizing enzymes will be reviewed. One-third of the course will cover kinetic models, factors regulating drug metabolism, and methods for studying human enzymes. Two-thirds of the course will cover the biochemistry, substrate specificity, tests of phenotype and/or genotype in vitro and in vivo, population distribution, regulation, tissue distribution, and clinical and biologic significance for the P450s and several other important phase I and phase II enzymes. Offered every other year. Prerequisites: (1) Pharmacokinetics (PHSC 221 or equivalent); (2) a general biochemistry course; and (3) Techniques in Molecular Biology (MSCI 929) (one semester) or reading and understanding chapters 1-6 and 16, Molecular Biotechnology (Glick and Pasternak, ASM Press, 1994) or a similar text that covers the basics of transcription, translation, recombinant DNA technology (cloning, DNA sequencing, PCR, RFLP, and heterologous expression of proteins), monoclonal antibodies, and protein detection. Credit 3 (3-0).

818 PHAC, Physical-Chemical Interpretation of Polyphasic and Disperse Drug Systems. This course covers the physicochemical principles basic to the study and evaluation of pharmaceutical disperse systems. Studies are directed at a consideration of the impact of surface effects on the design of dosage forms. Included in the study are rheology, colloidal systems, adsorption, and surface and interfacial phenomena. Prerequisite: Physical Chemistry. Credit 3 (3-0).

819 PHAC, Seminars in Pharmaceutics. Seminar presentation required of M.S. student candidates. A total of 2 credits required. Credit 1 (1-0).

820 PHAC, Physical-Chemical Interpretation of Solid Drug System. This course will present physicochemical principles as they relate to solid dosage form development. The material will be presented in three sections, namely characterization of particles and powders, diffusion and dissolution of solid systems, and drug product design. The overall objective of the course is to provide sufficient basic information on the concepts and principles relative to solids to provide a rational approach to solid dosage form design. Credit 3 (2-3).

821 PHAC, Drug Stability and Chemical Kinetics. This course is designed to teach students fundamentals of kinetic approaches to drug stability. It will cover how to develop reaction models, determine kinetic parameters, and calculate shelf-life of pharmaceuticals. Students will also be introduced to current principles and practices concerning drug stability from the viewpoint of industry and regulatory agencies.

Prerequisite: one year of calculus (or equivalent), one year of physical chemistry (or equivalent), or permission of the instructor. Fall. Credit 3 (3-0).

824 PHAC, Principles of Formulation. A major emphasis in this course will be the application of theory and use of basic physicochemical principles in the development of dosage forms. The course will provide a basic understanding of the design and evaluation of dosage forms and the use of basic principles in the development process. It will include the following subject areas: External considerations, technical considerations, tablets, capsules, liquids, sustained release systems, novel delivery systems, pilot plant scale up. Credit 3 (2-4).

826 PHAC, Pharmaceutical Analysis. This course will present students with the principles necessary to perform analysis of drugs, metabolites, and degradation products and to quantitatively interpret the accumulated data from a thorough study. It is intended to give background in the theoretical aspects of several modes of chromatography, as well as provide examples of applications for each type of chromatography. Fall in alternate years. Credit 3 (3-0).

830 PHAC, Drug Delivery Systems. An introduction to the principles of formulation, development, and evaluation of controlled-release drug delivery systems. Specific topics will include oral, transdermal, and injectable or implantable drug delivery systems. Fall Semester in alternate years. Minimum of four students. Credit 2 (2-0).

840 PHAC, Special Topics. Directed readings or special course in topics of current interest. Credit variable 1-5.

900 PHAC, Doctoral Dissertation and Research. Research performed under the direction and supervision of the respective student’s Research Advisor. Credit to be arranged.

911 PHAC, Delivery and Biocompatibility of Protein and Nucleic Acid Drugs. This course is designed to teach students about the use of biomaterials for delivery and biocompatibility of proteins, peptides, and various nucleic acid drugs. It will cover (1) design, synthesis, and characterization of polymers; (2) biocompatibility; (3) various approaches to proteins and peptide delivery; (4) introduction to different types of nucleic acid drugs; and (5) antisense and nonviral gene therapy. Prerequisites: 1 year of organic, medicinal, or physical chemistry (or equivalent) or B.S. in Pharmacy, Bioengineering, Biotechnology, Biochemistry, Pharmacology, or Medical Sciences (or equivalent) or permission of the instructor. A basic understanding of cell and molecular biology is desirable but is not required. Credit 3 (3-0).

919 PHAC, Seminar. Seminar presentation required of Ph.D. student candidates. A total of 3 credits required. Credit 1 (1-0).